Umma

Umma oder Ummah (arabisch أمة, DMG Umma „Gemeinde“) bezeichnet im Bereich des Islams eine Gemeinschaft, die ähnlich wie ein Volk oder eine Nation über den Rahmen eines Stammes oder Clans hinausreicht. Im engeren Sinne wird der Begriff für die religiös fundierte Gemeinschaft der Muslime verwendet. In diesem Fall ist er im Arabischen meist von dem Adjektiv islāmī (إسلامي) begleitet, also al-Umma al-islāmīya (الأمة الإسلامية). Der arabische Plural von umma ist umam. Das arabische Wort scheint dem hebräischen umma („Stamm“, „Geschlecht“) entlehnt zu sein, das sich möglicherweise aus dem assyrischen ummanu ableitet. Es ist jedoch auch eine gemeinsame semitische Wurzel möglich.

Koranische Aussagen

In vorislamischer Zeit ungebräuchlich, taucht das Wort Umma zum ersten Mal in den mekkanischen Teilen des Korans auf und bezeichnet dort vergangene, meist von Propheten angeführte Gemeinschaften. Die wahre Gemeinschaft, die Gott dient, ist nur eine „einzige Gemeinschaft“ (umma wāḥida), doch fiel diese wegen interner Zwistigkeiten auseinander (Sure 21:92f). In Sure 7:34 heißt es, dass jede Umma einen festgesetzten Zeitpunkt habe. Aber nicht nur Menschen, sondern auch Tiere und Dschinn sind in umam zusammengeschlossen (vgl. Sure 6:38; 7:38; 46:18).

Verwendung in der islamischen Geschichte

In Medina wurde der Begriff für die Anhänger Mohammeds aus Mekka und Medina und die mit ihnen verbündeten Clans verwendet. So wird am Anfang der Gemeindeordnung von Medina festgestellt, dass „die Gläubigen und Muslime der Quraisch und von Yathrib und jene, die ihnen folgen, ihnen verbunden sind und zusammen mit ihnen kämpfen“, eine „einzige Umma“ (umma wāḥida) bilden, die sich von anderen Menschen unterscheidet. Die Tatsache, dass der Vertrag auch jüdische Clans einschloss, zeigt, dass zu dem Zeitpunkt der Begriff noch keine streng religiös definierte Gemeinschaft bezeichnete.

Schon bald nach der Gründung spaltete sich diese, ursprünglich nicht auf einem Rechtssystem wie der Scharia, sondern auf die Beziehungen der Clans und Stämme regelnden Gewohnheitsrechten beruhende jüdisch-islamische Umma[1] in verschiedene religiös-politische Parteien, in Charidschiten, Schiiten und Sunniten. Im Jahre 1911 verfasste der schiitische Gelehrte ʿAbd al-Husain Scharaf ad-Dīn (1873–1958) sein Buch „Wichtige Kapitel bei der Vereinigung der Umma“ (al-Fuṣūl al-muhimma fī taʾlīf al-umma), ein Werk, das der Aussöhnung zwischen Sunniten und Schiiten dienen sollte.[2]

Prozentual dargestellte muslimische Bevölkerung nach globalen Verwaltungseinheiten. Schätzung (2022)

Lange verstand man unter Umma im Wesentlichen die „muslimische Weltglaubensgemeinschaft“, die Glaubensgemeinschaft der Muslime als Ganzes, seit dem 19. Jahrhundert jedoch auch – mit Hilfe des Begriffszusatzes „al-ʿarabīya“ – die „arabische Nation“, ein Begriff, der aus dem Vokabular des arabischen Nationalismus stammt, der mit der Weltreligion Islam so gut wie nichts zu tun hat. In zusammengesetzter Form ergibt sich der Ausdruck im Arabischen zu al-Umma al-ʿarabīya (الأمة العربية / ‚die arabische Nation‘). Seit 1967 mit der Niederlage im Sechstagekrieg und dem Beginn des Zusammenbruchs des arabischen Nationalismus gewinnt das religiöse Konzept wieder eindeutig die Oberhand.

Im Gegensatz zur Umma, welche die Gemeinschaft in den Vordergrund stellt, bezeichnet der Begriff Dār al-Islām (deutsch: „Das Gebiet des Islam“) im islamischen Völkerrecht verbreiteter Ansicht nach das Gebiet, in dem die Muslime die Herrschaft innehaben, im Gegensatz zum Dar ul-Harb (arab.: „Das Gebiet des Krieges“). Einer anderen, ebenfalls bereits im theologischen Diskurs des Mittelalters beispielsweise von An-Nawawi und al-Māwardī vertretenen[3] Ansicht zufolge gilt eine Gegend bereits dann als dār al-Islām, wenn Muslimen in ihr die freie Ausübung ihrer Religion möglich ist.[4] Der heute oft gebrauchte Begriff der Islamischen Welt ist hingegen nicht exakt definiert.

In der Gegenwart wird häufig auch die muslimische Gemeinschaft eines bestimmten Landes als Umma bezeichnet.[5] Tariq Ramadan verfasst drei Grundprinzipien der islamischen Umma in seinem Text zur Identität europäischer Muslime. Diese drei sind Zugehörigkeit, Verpflichtung gegenüber dem Gemeinschaftsprinzip Gerechtigkeit und absolute Vertragstreue.

Literatur

  • George C. Decasa: The qurʾānic concept of umma and its function in Philippine Muslim society. Pontificia Univ. Gregoriana, Roma, 1999.
  • Frederick Mathewson Denny: „The meaning of ummah in the Qur'ān“. In: History of Religions 15/1 (1975) 34–70.
  • Frederick Mathewson Denny: Art. „Umma“. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition Bd. X, S. 859b–863b.
  • Charles Genequand: „La umma et les falāsifa“ in Simon Jargy (Hrsg.): Islam communautaire (al-Umma). Concept et réalités. Labor et Fides, Genf, 1984. S. 35–46.
  • Jonas Grutzpalk: Umma und Asabiya. In: Tönnies-Forum 1 (2007) 29–44 (online).
  • Claude Lambelet: „La constitution de la umma dans le coran: quelques références coraniques“ in Simon Jargy (Hrsg.): Islam communautaire (al-Umma). Concept et réalités. Labor et Fides, Genf, 1984. S. 9–19.
  • Hansjörg Schmid / Amir Dziri / Anja Middelbeck-Varwick / Mohammad Gharaibeh (Hrsg.): Kirche und Umma: Glaubensgemeinschaft in Christentum und Islam. (= Theologisches Forum Christentum – Islam 2013) Pustet, Regensburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7917-2583-3.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Vgl. dazu Hans Jansen: Mohammed. Eine Biographie. (2005/2007) Aus dem Niederländischen von Marlene Müller-Haas. C.H. Beck, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-56858-9, S. 225–229 (Die Konstitution von Medina).
  2. Vgl. dazu Rainer Brunner: Annäherung und Distanz. Schia, Azhar und die islamische Ökumene im 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Schwarz 1996. S. 40f.
  3. vgl. z. B. die Kommentierung des schafiitischen Gelehrten An-Nawawi in dessen Buch der 40 Hadithe zu dem dortigen Hadith Nr. 1 in: Yahya Ibn Sharif Al-Nawawi, Das Buch der Vierzig Hadithe. Kitab al-Arbai’in, aus dem Arabischen übersetzt und herausgegeben von Marco Schöller, Frankfurt am Main und Leipzig 2007, S. 24 sowie die dazugehörigen Anmerkungen Marco Schöllers auf S. 405 u. S. 408.
  4. Adel Theodor Khoury, Heiliger Krieg, in: Lexikon des Islam. Geschichte - Ideen - Gestalten, hrsg. von Adel Theodor Khoury, Ludwig Hagemann und Peter Heine. Drei Bände, Freiburg u. a.: 1991. Band 2, S. 349–359, S. 351.
  5. Vgl. zum Beispiel für die Elfenbeinküste Lémassou Fofana: Côte-d’Ivoire: Islam et sociétés. Contribution des musulmans à l’édification de la nation ivoirienne (Xie–XXe siècles). CERAP, Abidjan, 2007. S. 120.

Auf dieser Seite verwendete Medien

MuslimWorldDemographics2022.png
Autor/Urheber: Cjohnst88, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Muslim population by percentage of subnational or national entity. Based on latest available data, see citations:

Nation Source Year Mozambique http://www.ine.gov.mz/ 2007 Albania http://www.instat.gov.al/ 2011 Belize http://sib.org.bz/ 2010 Fiji https://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/ 2007 Cape Verde www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127222.htm 2009 Guyana http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/ 2002 Indonesia https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 2010 Liechtenstein https://www.llv.li/files/as/statistisches-jahrbuch-liechtensteins-2020.pdf 2015 Luxembourg https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2251 2019 Malta https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2251 2019 Marshall Islands https://web.archive.org/web/20091130031756/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127278.htm 2009 Mauritius https://statsmauritius.govmu.org/Documents/Census_and_Surveys/HPC/2011/HPC_TR_Vol2_Demography_Yr11.pdf 2011 Monaco https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf 2012 Montenegro http://www.monstat.org/eng/index.php 2011 Nauru http://nauru.prism.spc.int/PublicDocuments/Census/Nauru_2011_Census_Report_FINAL.pdf 2011 Palau https://www.indexmundi.com/palau/religions.html 2015 Palestine https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/7d32d01febbf043f3142d920da02366e/Middle_East_Religion_graphic_FINAL_WFB_2015-18.pdf 2012 St Kitts and Nevis https://www.stats.gov.kn/topics/demographic-social-statistics/population/population-by-religious-belief-2011/ 2011 St Lucia https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-lucia/ 2010 Samoa https://www.sbs.gov.ws/digi/2016_Census_Brief_No.1.pdf 2016 San Marino https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/san-marino/#people-and-society 2021 Sao Tome and Principe https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe/#people-and-society 2012 Singapore https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/cop2020/sr1/cop2020sr1.pdf 2020 Solomon Islands https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90154.htm 2007 Suriname https://statistics-suriname.org/images/Presentatie.pdf 2004 Timor-Leste https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf 2016 Tonga https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tonga/#people-and-society 2021 Trinidad and Tobago https://cso.gov.tt/subjects/population-and-vital-statistics/population/ 2011 Tuvalu https://www.state.gov/reports/2017-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tuvalu/ 2017 Vanuatu https://vnso.gov.vu/images/Pictures/Census/2020_census/Census_Volume_1/2020NPHC_Volume_1.pdf 2020 United States https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study 2014 Afghanistan https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ 2009 Zimbabwe https://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/publications/Population/population/ICDS_2017.pdf 2017 Botswana https://www.statsbots.org.bw/publication-by-sector/154 2011 Namibia https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/ 2010 Eswatini https://www.britannica.com/place/Eswatini 2015 Lesotho https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/profiles/Lesotho/Religion 2004 South Africa http://cs2016.statssa.gov.za/ 2016 Algeria https://www.thearda.com/Archive/Files/Descriptions/RCSDEM2.asp 2015 Andorra https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/andorra 2018 Angola https://www.citypopulation.de/en/angola/admin 2014 Australia https://www.citypopulation.de/en/australia 2016 Bangladesh  Bangladesh Population & Housing Census 2011 (Zila Series) 2011 Bosnia and Herzegovina https://popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/RezultatiPopisa_BS.pdf 2013 https://www.rzs.rs.ba/static/uploads/bilteni/popis/rezultati_popisa/Results_of_the_Census_2013.pdf Brunei http://www.deps.gov.bn/DEPD%20Documents%20Library/DOS/KBPP/finalreport2016/KBPP_2016.pdf 2016 Dominica https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108522.htm 2008 Georgia http://pop-stat.mashke.org/#georgia 2014 Grenada K. F. Bin Mohd Noor. "Muslims Statistics... for Year 2000 " [orig. src: Barrett. World Christian Encyclopedia, 1982] 2000 Kenya https://www.knbs.or.ke/ 2019 Malawi http://www.nsomalawi.mw/ 2018 New Zealand https://www.stats.govt.nz/ 2018 Rwanda http://statistics.gov.rw/ 2012 Serbia http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf 2011 Kosovo https://ask.rks-gov.net/en/kosovo-agency-of-statistics 2011 Sri Lanka http://www.statistics.gov.lk/ 2012 United Kingdom https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion 2011 Nagorno-Karabakh http://stat-nkr.am/files/publications/2016/Mardahamar_2015/MAS_2/5_4%20LXH.pdf 2015 Abkhazia http://www.portal-credo.ru/site/print.php?act=fresh&id=188 2003 Argentina https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_11_2.asp 2015 Armenia https://ampop.am/followers-of-different-religions-in-armenia/ 2011 Austria https://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=042776 2001 Azerbaijan https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ 2020 Bahrain http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/bahrain/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 2010 Belarus https://ggpsurvey.ined.fr/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V4&v=2&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V2061&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V5&V4slice=1&V2061slice=1&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FGGS2020.W1.30&language=en&mode=table&top=yes 2017 Belgium https://ggpsurvey.ined.fr/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V4&v=2&previousmode=table&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V2061&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FGGS2020.W1.30_V5&V4slice=1&V2061slice=1&analysismode=table&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.49.36.147%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FGGS2020.W1.30&language=en&mode=table&top=yes 2016 https://www.lesoir.be/art/1106186/article/actualite/belgique/2016-01-28/75-des-francophones-revendiquent-une-identite-religieuse https://o-re-la.ulb.be/index.php/analyses/item/1476-un-sondage-orela/ipsos/le-soir/rtbf-les-belges-francophones-et-la-religion Benin https://benin.opendataforafrica.org/ohikebf/rgph-principaux-indicateurs-socio-d%C3%A9mographiques-et-%C3%A9conomiques 2013 Bhutan www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf 2010 Bolivia https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_27_2.asp 2015 Brazil https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ac/pesquisa/23/22107?detalhes=true 2010 Bulgaria http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R10.aspx 2011 Burkina Faso http://cns.bf/IMG/pdf/Depliant_Resultats_Definitifs_du_RGPH_2006.pdf 2006 Burundi http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/burundi/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 2010 Cambodia https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Final%20General%20Population%20Census%202019-English.pdf 2019 Cameroon https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/display2.php/attachment.pdf?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bucrep.cm%2Findex.php%2Ffr%2Fressources-et-documentations%2Ftelechargement%2Fcategory%2F42-analyses-thmatiques%3Fdownload%3D84%3Atome-1-etat-et-structures-de-la-population 2005 Canada https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm?HPA 2011 Central African Republic http://www.ijesd.org/papers/27-D436.pdf 2020 Chad https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf 2014 Chile http://www.ine.cl/cd2002/sintesiscensal.pdf 2002 China https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf 2010 Colombia http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/10780/1/Del monopolio católico a la explosión pentecostal.pdf 2012 Rep Congo https://www.britannica.com/place/Republic-of-the-Congo/Religion 2010 Costa Rica https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/encuesta-ciep-ucr-evidencia-a-una-costa-rica-estatista-y-menos-religiosa/ 2021 Cote d'Ivoire http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/ivory-coast/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 2020 Croatia https://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_10/e01_01_10_RH.html 2011 Cuba https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf 2009 Cyprus http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 2010 http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/8B96E149FE049F49C2257AD90055559F/$file/POP_CEN_11-POP_FOREIGN_LANG_RELIG-EN-170615.xls?OpenElement North Korea https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/ 2010 Dem Rep Congo https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper 2015 Denmark https://www.tjekdet.dk/indsigt/hvor-mange-muslimer-er-der-i-danmark 2020 Djibouti https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/ 2021 Dominican republic https://web.archive.org/web/20220110125723/http://www.circuloislamico.com/ 2016 Ecuador https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec//wp-content/descargas/Boletines/Religion/presentacion_religion.pdf 2012 Egypt https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/#people-and-society 2021 El Salvador https://historico.elsalvador.com/historico/642079/los-arabes-son-una-raza-musulman-es-el-que-acepta-el-islam.html 2019 Equatorial Guinea https://web.archive.org/web/20010305094917/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_91.html 2000 Eritrea https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&q=eritrea#v=snippet&q=eritrea&f=false 2011 Estonia https://andmed.stat.ee/et/stat 2011 Ethiopia https://web.archive.org/web/20120604045256/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf 2007 Finland https://pxnet2.stat.fi 2020 France http://www.ifop.com/media/poll/religions_geo.pdf 2006 Gabon https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_86_1.asp 2015 Gambia https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ 2013 Germany https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/201622/umfrage/religionszugehoerigkeit-der-deutschen-nach-bundeslaendern/ 2011 Ghana https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf 2021 Greece https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_minority_of_Greece 1999 Guatemala http://www.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2005/junio05/050605/dfondo.shtml 2007 Guinea https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208368.pdf 2012 Guinea-Bissau https://guinebissau.opendataforafrica.org/GWSECD2015/guinea-bissau-socio-economic-data-2015 2015 Haiti http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=5745 2010 Honduras http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf 2009 Hungary https://www.ksh.hu/nepszamlalas/tablak_teruleti_02 2011 Iceland https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__menning__5_trufelog/MAN10001.px 2020 India https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html 2011 Iran https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/News/1396/1_srtc-amar-v4n5p23-fa.pdf 2011 Iraq https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/F9885AF0F84ADBF48525746C00741CB3-Full_Report.pdf 2008 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/3082423649CF709EC125746E0031076F-Full_Report.pdf https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/F7B4F744EA04546AC125746E00330A28-Full_Report.pdf https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/B4801B6E26BF518DC12573AC0070C0D0-Full_Report.pdf https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DD27A66592E44112C12573AC006E2D60-Full_Report.pdf Ireland https://data.cso.ie/ 2011 Israel https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2021/2.shnatonpopulation/st02_15x.pdf 2020 Italy http://www.ismu.org/2016/07/in-italia-ortodossi-piu-numerosi-dei-musulmani/ 2016 Jamaica https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ 2022 Japan https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/01/07/the-number-of-muslims-in-japan-is-growing-fast 2019 Jordan https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51602.htm 2005 Kazakhstan https://statswiki.unece.org/download/attachments/64881183/Kaz2009%20Analytical%20report.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1330590038432&api=v2 2020 https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258 Kuwait http://stat.paci.gov.kw/englishreports/#DataTabPlace:ColumnChartEduAge 2020 Kyrgyzstan http://www.stat.kg/media/files/60f4f7ab-0560-45df-827f-020d1be12e15.pdf 2009 Laos https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108412.htm 2008 Latvia https://books.google.com/books?id=jmN6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false 2009 Lebanon http://data2.unhcr.org/fr/documents/download/44893 2015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beqaa_Governorate 2017 http://nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/show-report/1040/15 2017 https://elections.lebanese-forces.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CHOUF-ALEY-1.pdf 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatieh_Governorate 2019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Lebanon 2022 Liberia http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/liberia 2010 Libya http://bsc.ly/?P=5&sec_Id=17&dep_Id=6#19 2012 Lithuania https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/217110/Gyv_religine_bendr_savivald.xls 2013 Madagascar https://www.instat.mg/p/cream-monographie-region-alaotra-mangoro-fevrier-2013 2009 Malaysia http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf 2010 Mali https://ireda.ceped.org/inventaire/ressources/mli-2009-rec-rapport_etat_structure_RGPH2009_vf.pdf 2009 Mauritania https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/ 2012 Mexico http://www3.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/TabuladosBasicos/Default.aspx?c=27302&s=est 2010 Mongolia https://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url%3DCensus2020_Main_report_Eng.pdf%26ln%3DEn&usg=AOvVaw2DYRXHAkUJH-EBDRte1Kw- 2020 Morocco https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ 2009 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html Crimea "Public Opinion Survey Residents of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea May 16 – 30, 2013", Baltic Surveys Ltd. and The Gallup Organization, pp. 37, 39, 2013 2013 Syria https://web.archive.org/web/20111217230844/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1076/re4.htm 2011 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https://books.google.com/books?id=Mbr-ZfU_uCoC&pg=PA24 https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/037afc74-9070-11e1-8adc-00144feab49a.html#axzz2PK7nywZ4 https://cnewa.org/magazine/deep-roots-in-a-fertile-land-33123/ Royal Geographical Society, 1862, p. 88. https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/171/mode/1up https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/16/bloodshed-syria-regime-change https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-druze-and-assad-strategic-bedfellows Turkey https://web.archive.org/web/20160122003642/http://mobile.todayszaman.com/national_visit-to-antakya-shows-turkey-embraces-religious-diversity_226554.html 2020 https://web.archive.org/web/20120912031831/http://www.armeniancatholic.org/inside.php?lang=en&page_id=315 http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/turk0.htm http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/disla.html http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddiar.html https://mardin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-56510/kiliseler---manastirlar.html 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North Macedonia http://www.stat.gov.mk/publikacii/knigaX.pdf 2002 Norway https://www.ssb.no/405227/members-of-congregations-in-religious-and-philosophical-communities-outside-the-church-of-norway-by-religion-philosophy-and-county 2019 Oman https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/#people-and-society 2020 Pakistan https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017 2017 Naumann, Matthias; Fischer-Tahir, Andrea (2013), Peripheralization: The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-3-531-19018-1 2013 Panama https://web.archive.org/web/20110810075151/http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf 2009 Papua New Guinea https://www.academia.edu/4134125 2012 Paraguay http://www.abc.com.py/articulos/descubriendo-el-mundo-islamico-en-paraguay-212798.html 2011 Peru http://www.mrnet.org/system/files/library/islam_in_latin_am.pdf 2012 Philippines https://lcc.deped.gov.ph/ls-popcen/ 2015 Poland https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/why-are-polish-people-so-wrong-about-muslims-in/ 2017 Portugal https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOESpub_boui=73212469&PUBLICACOESmodo=2 2011 Qatar https://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php 2020 South Korea https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1PM1502&conn_path=I2 2015 Moldova https://recensamint.statistica.md/en/dissemination/person/c071a852d568a68025d4c3e14ed9f77d 2014 Romania https://cersipamantromanesc-wordpress-com.translate.goog/2016/07/02/romania-musulmana-ce-stim-despre-musulmanii-din-romania-video/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US 2016 https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/sR_TAB_13.xls 2021 Russia https://sreda.org/arena 2012 Saudi Arabia https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000101/http://www.winmr.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf 2012 https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ Senegal http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%253A978-0-230-61112-2%252F1.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3vgXWHupXbr_c6-BB1FqfF 1990 Sierra Leone https://sierraleone.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20structure%20Report_1.pdf 2015 Slovakia https://www.cas.sk/clanok/176603/na-slovensku-je-5-tisic-moslimov-bude-v-nasej-krajine-mesita/ 2010 Slovenia https://www.stat.si/popis2002/en/rezultati_html/REG-T-18ENG.htm 2002 Somalia http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/somalia/religious_demography 2010 South Sudan https://web.archive.org/web/20121221010333/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-number.php 2010 Spain observatorio.hispanomuslim.es/estademograf.pdf 2019 Sudan http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&restrictions_year=2016 2020 French Guiana https://joshuaproject.net/countries/FG 2022 Sweden https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/238650.pdf 2014 Switzerland https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/tabellen.assetdetail.7226813.html 2017 Taiwan https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2020/percent/all/ 2020 Tajikistan https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_218_2.asp 2015 Thailand web.nso.go.th 2000 Togo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9 2010 http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/togo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016 Tunisia https://www.arabbarometer.org/survey-data/data-analysis-tool/ 2018 Turkmenistan http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR130/FR130.pdf 2000 Uganda https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182002_CensusPopnCompostionAnalyticalReport_(1).pdf 2002 Ukraine http://old.razumkov.org.ua/upload/Religiya_200516_A4.compressed.pdf 2016 United Arab Emirates http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/united-arab-emirates/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year 2010 Tanzania https://elct.or.tz/dioceses.php# 2020 https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tanzania/ https://www.lutheranworld.org/content/mara-evangelical-church https://elctncd.or.tz/en/about-us/ https://www.anglican.or.tz/index.php/dioceses http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/tz.html Uruguay https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Uruguay 2020 Uzbekistan https://web.archive.org/web/20110519092435/http://pewforum.org/uploadedfiles/Topics/Demographics/Muslimpopulation.pdf 2009 Venezuela https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90271.htm 2007 Luxner, Larry. "Bowing to Mecca from Caracas". Americas, 1992, volume 44, issue 4, page 4 Vietnam https://www-gso-gov-vn.translate.goog/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/KQ-toan-bo.pdf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-US 2009 Yemen https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/ 2010 Zambia https://web.archive.org/web/20151026014633/http://www.zamstats.gov.zm/report/Census/2010/National/2010%20Census%20of%20Population%20National%20Analytical%20Report.pdf 2010

Zimbabwe https://zimbabwe.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Inter%20Censal%20Demography%20Survey%202017%20Report.pdf 2017