Systematik der Dinosaurier

Evolution der Dinosaurier nach klassischem Modell von Harry Govier Seeley, 1887

Die Dinosaurier sind ein Taxon der Archosaurier innerhalb der Sauropsiden (Sauropsida) bzw. Reptilien (Reptilia). Gemeinsam mit ihrer Schwestergruppe, den Flugsauriern (Pterosauria), bilden sie das Taxon der Ornithodira. Diese Systematik der Dinosaurier wurde nach den unter Literatur, Einzelnachweise und Weblinks aufgeführten Quellen erstellt.

Nach der 1887 durch Harry Govier Seeley[1] vom King’s College London eingeführten und lange prägenden Systematik wurden Dinosaurier in die beiden Ordnungen beziehungsweise Entwicklungslinien Echsenbeckensaurier (Saurischia) und Vogelbeckensaurier (Ornithischia) unterteilt. In einer phylogenetischen Studie aus dem Jahr 2017, basierend auf der detaillierten Analyse von 74 Taxa und 457 Merkmalen, schlagen die Paläontologen Matthew G. Baron, David B. Norman und Paul M. Barrett eine neue Systematik vor, die den Dinosaurier-Stammbaum radikal verändert.[2][3][4][5] Demnach bestehen die Dinosaurier aus den beiden Entwicklungslinien Saurischia und Ornithoscelida. In der Klade Ornithoscelida (gr. skelis=Bein), die Thomas Henry Huxley bereits 1880 so benannt hatte,[6] werden die Vogelbeckensaurier und die Theropoden als Schwestergruppen vereint. Die Klade Saurischia wird neu definiert und umfasst die beiden Schwestergruppen Sauropodomorpha und Herrerasauridae:

  Dinosauria  
  Saurischia  

 Herrerasauridae


   

 Sauropodomorpha



  Ornithoscelida  

 Ornithischia


   

 Theropoda




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Vogelbeckendinosaurier (Ornithischia)

Lesothosaurus
Scelidosaurus

Heterodontosauridae

Abrictosaurus

Stegosauria

Huayangosaurus
Kentrosaurus
Stegosaurus

Ankylosauria

Gastonia
Ankylosaurus
Euoplocephalus
Edmontonia
Sauropelta
Polacanthus

Pachycephalosauria

(c) FunkMonk, CC BY 3.0
Homalocephale
Pachycephalosaurus
Prenocephale

Ceratopsia

Yinlong
Psittacosaurus
Protoceratops
Zuniceratops
Centrosaurus
Styracosaurus
Pentaceratops
Triceratops

Ornithopoda

Hypsilophodon
Leaellynasaura
Tenontosaurus
Dryosaurus
Camptosaurus
Iguanodon
Ouranosaurus
Anatotitan
Maiasaura
Lambeosaurus
Parasaurolophus

Echsenbeckendinosaurier (Saurischia)

Eoraptor
Herrerasaurus

Prosauropoda

Anchisaurus
Melanorosaurus
Plateosaurus

Sauropoda

Vulcanodon
Barapasaurus
Mamenchisaurus
Cetiosaurus
Patagosaurus
Rebbachisaurus
Dicraeosaurus
Apatosaurus
Diplodocus
Camarasaurus
Astrodon
Brachiosaurus
Euhelopus
Agustinia
Argentinosaurus
Alamosaurus
Diamantinasaurus
Nemegtosaurus
Paralititan
Saltasaurus

Theropoda

Zupaysaurus
Dilophosaurus
Piveteausaurus
Deltadromeus
Sinocalliopteryx
Coelurus
Ornitholestes

Coelophysoidea

Coelophysis

Ceratosauria

Ceratosaurus
Carnotaurus
Rajasaurus

Spinosauroidea (Megalosauroidea)

Torvosaurus
Eustreptospondylus
Suchomimus

Carnosauria

Yangchuanosaurus
Allosaurus
Acrocanthosaurus

Tyrannosauroidea

Eotyrannus
Gorgosaurus
Tyrannosaurus

Ornithomimosauria

Gallimimus
Struthiomimus

Therizinosauroidea

Beipiaosaurus

Alvarezsauroidea

Shuvuuia

Oviraptorosauria

Avimimus
Nomingia
Oviraptor

Troodontidae

(c) FunkMonk, CC BY 3.0
Saurornithoides

Dromaeosauridae

Rahonavis
Saurornitholestes
Velociraptor
Utahraptor

Avialae (Vögel i. w. S.)

Archaeopteryx
Iberomesornis

Siehe auch: Biologische Systematik, Systematik der Vögel, Gefiederte Dinosaurier

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Harry G. Seeley: The classification of the Dinosauria. In: Report of the Fifty-Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held at Manchester in August and September 1887. ISSN 0262-690X, S. 698–699, Digitalisat.
  2. ↑ K Padian: Palaeontology: Dividing the dinosaurs. In: Nature. 543. Jahrgang, 2017, S. 494–495, PMID 28332523 (nature.com).
  3. ↑ MG Baron, Norman DB, Barrett PM: A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. In: Nature. 543. Jahrgang, 2017, S. 501–506, PMID 28332513.
  4. ↑ Alexandra Grass: Paläontologie. Dino-Stammbaum neu. Wiener Zeitung, 23. März 2017, abgerufen am 17. April 2017.
  5. ↑ Frank Patalong: Neuordnung. Studie stellt Dinosaurier-Stammbaum in Frage. Spiegel Online, 23. März 2017, abgerufen am 17. April 2017.
  6. ↑ TH Huxley: On the classification of the Dinosauria with observations on the Dinosauria of the Trias. In: Q J Geol Soc. 26. Jahrgang, 1880, S. 32–51.
  7. ↑ Richard J. Butler, Paul Upchurch, David B. Norman: The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. Bd. 6, Nr. 1, 2008, ISSN 1477-2019, S. 1–40, doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271.
  8. ↑ Clifford A. Miles, Clark J. Miles: Skull of Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani, a new Cretaceous ankylosaur from the Gobi Desert. In: Current Science. Bd. 96, Nr. 1, 2009, ISSN 0011-3891, S. 65–70, online (PDF; 1,04 MB).
  9. ↑ Michael E. Burns: Taxonomic utility of ankylosaur (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) osteoderms: Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford, 2000: a test case. In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Bd. 28, Nr. 4, 2008, ISSN 0272-4634, S. 1102–1109, doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102.
  10. ↑ Kenneth Carpenter, Jeff Bartlett, John Bird, Reese Barrick: Ankylosaurs from the Price River Quarries, Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), east-central Utah. In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Bd. 28, Nr. 4, 2008, S. 1089–1101, doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1089.
  11. ↑ David C. Evans, Ryan K. Schott, Derek W. Larson, Caleb M. Brown, Michael J. Ryan: The oldest North American pachycephalosaurid and the hidden diversity of small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs. In: Nature Communications. Bd. 4, Article Nr. 1828, 2013, doi:10.1038/ncomms2749.
  12. ↑ Nicholas R. Longrich, Julia Sankey, Darren Tanke: Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA. In: Cretaceous Research. Bd. 31, Nr. 2, 2010, ISSN 0195-6671, S. 274–284, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.12.002.
  13. ↑ Yuong-Nam Lee, Michael J. Ryan, Yoshitsugu Kobayashi: The first ceratopsian dinosaur from South Korea. In: Naturwissenschaften. Bd. 98, Nr. 1, 2010, S. 39–49, doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0739-y.
  14. ↑ James I. Kirkland, Donald D. DeBlieux: New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (Middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, David A. Eberth (Hrsg.): New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0, S. 117–140.
  15. ↑ Andrew T. McDonald, John R. Horner: New Material of „Styracosaurus“ ovatus from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. In: Michael J. Ryan, Brenda J. Chinnery-Allgeier, David A. Eberth (Hrsg.): New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs. The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN 2010, ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0, S. 156–168.
  16. ↑ Xing Xu, KeBai Wang, XiJin Zhao, DunJing Li: First ceratopsid dinosaur from China and its biogeographical implications. In: Chinese Science Bulletin. Bd. 55, Nr. 16, 2010, ISSN 0250-7862, S. 1631–1635, doi:10.1007/s11434-009-3614-5.
  17. ↑ Andrew A. Farke, Michael J. Ryan, Paul M. Barrett, Darren H. Tanke, Dennis R. Braman, Mark A. Loewen, Mark R. Graham: A new centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the evolution of parietal ornamentation in horned dinosaurs. In: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Bd. 56, Nr. 4, 2011, ISSN 0567-7920, S. 691–702, doi:10.4202/app.2010.0121.
  18. ↑ David C. Evans, Michael J. Ryan. Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation. PLOS ONE, 2015; 10 (7): e0130007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130007
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  20. ↑ Nicholas R. Longrich: Titanoceratops ouranous, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico. In: Cretaceous Research. Bd. 32, Nr. 3, 2011, S. 264–276, doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007.
  21. ↑ Fernando E. Novas, Andrea V. Cambiaso, Alfredo Ambrioso: A new basal iguanodontian (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. In: Ameghiniana. Bd. 41, Nr. 1, 2004, ISSN 0002-7014, S. 75–82.
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  23. ↑ Oscar A. Alcober, Ricardo N. Martinez: A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. In: Zookeys. Bd. 63, 2010, ISSN 1313-2989, S. 55–81, doi:10.3897/zookeys.63.550.
  24. ↑ Adam M. Yates, Matthew F. Bonnan, Johann Neveling, Anusuya Chinsamy, Marc G. Blackbeard: A new transitional sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and the evolution of sauropod feeding and quadrupedalis. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. Bd. 277, Nr. 1682, 2010, ISSN 0950-1193, S. 787–794, doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1440.
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  69. ↑ Jonah N. Choiniere, Xing Xu, James M. Clark, Catherine A. Forster, Yu Guo, Fenglu Han: A Basal Alvarezsauroid Theropod from the Early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. In: Science. Bd. 327, Nr. 5965, 2010, S. 571–574, doi:10.1126/science.1182143.
  70. ↑ Xing Xu, Qingwei Tan, Jianmin Wang, Xijin Zhao, Lin Tan: A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. In: Nature. Bd. 447, 2007, S. 844–847, doi:10.1038/nature05849.
  71. ↑ Alan H. Turner, Diego Pol, Julia A. Clarke, Gregory M. Erickson, Mark A. Norell: A Basal Dromaeosaurid and Size Evolution Preceding Avian Flight. In: Science. Bd. 317, Nr. 5843, 2007, S. 1378–1381, doi:10.1126/science.1144066.
  72. ↑ Stephen A. Czerkas, Dianshuang Zhang, Jinglu Li, Yinxian Li: Flying Dromaeosaurs. In: Sylvia J. Czerkas (Hrsg.): Feathered Dinosaurs and the Origin of Flight (= The Dinosaur Museum Journal. Bd. 1). Dinosaur Museum, Blanding UT 2002, ISBN 1-932075-01-1, S. 16–26, online (PDF; 242,32 KB).
  73. ↑ Xiaoting Zheng, Xing Xu, Hailu You, Qi Zhao, Zhiming Dong: A short-armed dromaeosaurid from the Jehol Group of China with implications for early dromaeosaurid evolution. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B: Biological Sciences. Bd. 277, Nr. 1679, 2010, S. 211–217, doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1178.
  74. ↑ Kenneth Carpenter, Clifford Miles, Karen Cloward: New Small Theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming. In: Kenneth Carpenter (Hrsg.): The carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN u. a. 2005, ISBN 0-253-34539-1, S. 23–48.
  75. ↑ David E. Alexander, Enpu Gong, Larry D. Martin, David A. Burnham, Amanda R. Falk: Reply to Brougham and Brusatte: Overall anatomy confirms posture and flight model offers insight into the evolution of bird flight. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Bd. 107, Nr. 40, 2010, S. E156, doi:10.1073/pnas.1007798107.
  76. ↑ FuCheng Zhang, ZhongHe Zhou, Michael J. Benton: A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight. In: Science in China. Series D: Earth Sciences. Bd. 51, Nr. 5, 2008, ISSN 1006-9313, S. 625–639, doi:10.1007/s11430-008-0050-3.
  77. ↑ Hou Lianhai: Zhongguo liao xi zhong sheng dai niao lei. Liaoning ke xue ji shu chu ban she, Shenyang 2002, ISBN 7-5381-3392-5 (English Summary: Mesozoic birds from Western Liaoning in China.).

Auf dieser Seite verwendete Medien

Homalocephale body.jpg
(c) FunkMonk, CC BY 3.0
Homalocephale calathocercos based on images of the fossil and skeletal diagram.[1]
Anatotitan BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Edmontosaurus annectens (formerly Anatotitan copei), a hadrosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Paralititan stromeri.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Dmitri Bogdanow , Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Paralititan stromeri - giant titanosaurian from Albian-Cenomanian of Egypt
Barapasaurus DB.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Dmitri Bogdanow , Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Barapasaurus
Diamantinasaurus.png
Autor/Urheber: Artwork: T. Tischler, Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History., Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Life restoration of Diamantinasaurus
Oviraptor digital1.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Matt Martyniuk (Dinoguy2), Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Illustration of the Mongolian maniraptoran Oviraptor philoceratops. Note that the crest is incompletely known. Attribution required, see Creative Commons license below.
Diloph sin DB1.jpg
Sinosaurus sinensis.
Euoplocephalus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Restoration of ankylosaurid dinosaur. Postcrania based mostly on type specimen of Scolosaurus cutleri, after Carpenter, 1982 [1]. Pencil drawing, digital coloring.
Maiasaura BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Maiasaura peeblesorum, a hadrosaur from the Late cretaceous of Montana, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Psittacosaurus sibiricus whole BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Psittacosaurus sibiricus
Acrocantosaurus4.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Dmitri Bogdanow , Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Acrocanthosaurus atokensis
Centrosaurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Centrosaurus apertus, a ceratopsian from the Late Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Vulcanodon.jpg
Model of vulcanodon in JuraPark, Solec Kujawski, Poland
Camptosaurus.jpg
Autor/Urheber: FunkMonk (Michael B. H.), Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Camptosaurus dispar.
Utahraptor ostrommaysorum.png
Autor/Urheber: Ferahgo the Assassin (Emily Willoughby, e.deinonychus@gmail.com) http://emilywilloughby.com, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Utahraptor ostrommaysorum, early Cretaceous dromaeosaur from North America. Digital, based on Scott Hartman's skeletal.
Deltadromeus31DB.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Creator: Dmitry Bogdanov Hand fixed by FunkMonk., Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Deltadromeus agilis
Baltow JuraPark dryosaurus altus.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Krugerr, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Model of dryosaurus altus in Bałtów Jurassic Park, Bałtów, Poland
Cetiosaurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Cetiosaurus oxoniensis, middle Jurassic of England. Digital.
Patagosaurus.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Smokeybjb, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Life restoration of Patagosaurus fariasi.
Zupaysaurus.jpg
Autor/Urheber: FunkMonk (Michael B. H.), Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Zupaysaurus rougieri in resting pose, based on possible dilophosaurid trace fossil.
DiplodocusDB.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Dmitri Bogdanow , Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Diplodocus longus
Allosaurus Revised.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Fred Wierum, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Allosaurus fragilis reconstruction by Fred Wierum. Proportions align with Hartman's reconstruction of UUVP 6000.
Baltow JuraPark eotyrannus lengi.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Krugerr, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Model of eotyrannus lengi in Bałtów Jurassic Park, Bałtów, Poland
Rahonavis NT.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Rahonavis
Rebbachisaurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Rebbachisaurus garasbae, Early Cretaceous of North Africa. Digital.
Struthiomimus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Struthiomimus altus is an ornithomimid from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Tenontosaurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Tenontosaurus tilletti, an ornithopod from the Early Cretaceous of North America, pencil drawing
Argentinosaurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0

A hypothetical life restoration of Argentinosaurus huinculensis, a titanosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Argentina, pencil drawing, digital coloring

• Based proportionally on skeletal reconstructions of Argentinosaurus by spinoinwonderland and randomdinos on DeviantArt[1][2] and other titanosaur reconstructions found online. This image is somewhat hypothetical as Argentinosaurus isn't known from complete remains; some of the proportions shown here, such as the neck, tail, forelimb length, and skull shape, are not certain and could be subject to change should more fossil material be found. The missing parts are inspired primarily by the more complete Patagotitan.
• Osteroderms are not yet known in Argentinosaurus. Osteoderms are known from at least 10 titanosaur genera spread across the family tree, including a relative Medozasaurus, but it's not clear if all titanosaurs had them.[3][4] Titanosaur osteoderms are rare and their layout and position on the body are not certain. The position and layout of the osteoderms have been loosely based on this interpretation, which is based on the work of Vidal et al 2015.[5][6]
• The colours and patterns, as with the majority of all prehistoric animal reconstructions, are speculative.


References

  1. ↑ SpinoInWonderland (June 16, 2017). Argentinosaurus huinculensis skeletal. DeviantArt. Retrieved on February 24, 2020.
  2. ↑ randomdinos (October 15, 2017). Argentinosaurus huinculensis schematic. DeviantArt. Retrieved on February 24, 2020.
  3. ↑ González Riga B (2003) A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina. Ameghiniana 40 (2)
  4. ↑ Carrano, M.T. and D’Emic, M.D. 2015 'Osteoderms of the titanosaur sauropod dinosaur Alamosaurus sanjuanensis Gilmore, 1922'. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
  5. ↑ Vidal, Daniel (2015). Osteodermos de Titanosaurio de Armuña - Titanosaur Osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Armuña (Segovia, Spain). Blogger. Retrieved on February 24, 2020.
  6. ↑ Vidal, Daniel (2014-08-13). "Titanosaur Osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Spain) and Their Implications on the Armor of Laurasian Titanosaurs". PLoS ONE 9 (8): e102488. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0102488. PMID 25118985. PMC: PMC4131861. ISSN 1932-6203.
Styracosaurus dinosaur.png
Styracosaurus (meaning "spiked lizard" from Greek styrax/στυραξ 'spike at the butt-end of a spear-shaft' and saurus/σαυρος 'lizard')[1] was a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Period
Brachiosaurus DB.jpg
Brachiosaurus altithorax. Matches proportions in skeletal diagram by Scott Hartman.[1]
Stegosaurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Stegosaurus stenops, a stegosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America, pencil drawing
Piveteausaurus divesensis jmallon.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Jordan Mallon, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 2.5
Skizze von Piveteausaurus divesensis, ein theropoder Dinosaurier aus dem Mittleren Jura Europas (Frankreich). Dieser Dinosaurier ist nur von einem vollständigen Hirnschädel (Neurocranium) bekannt, daher ist die Darstellung in dieser Abbildung vollständig hypothetisch und gründet sich auf einen generalisierten allosauriden Körperbau.
Coelophysis Jeff Martz.jpg
NPS Photo, Public Domain
Ankylosaurus dinosaur.png
Possible appearance of a Ankylosaurus according to the few bones found. Based on skeletal reconstruction in Carpenter 2004 and photographs of fossils.
Eoraptor resto. 01.png
Autor/Urheber: Conty, Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Restoration of the small Triassic dinosaur Eoraptor lunensis from Patagonia.[1]

References

  1. ↑ Sereno P, Forster C.A, Rogers R.R & Monetta A.M (1993), "Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria", Nature 361(6407): p. 64-66.
Melanorosaurus readi steveoc.jpg
(c) I, Steveoc 86, CC BY-SA 3.0

Melanorosaurus readi restoration,

• Based proportionally on a skeletal reconstruction by Scott Hartman. [1]
• The coastal setting is not meant to imply that this animal lived near the coast. It was chosen for artistic reasons.
• The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative.
NOTE: I often update my images. If you want to have any of my images on a website, please (if possible) don’t host/save it to the website server. I’d prefer it if the image's Wikimedia URL is used. This means that if I update an image, it will be updated on the site as well. Thanks.
Leaellynasaura BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Leaellynasaura amicagraphica, a hypsilophodont from the Early Cretaceous of Australia, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Nomingia gobiensis.png
Drawn by en:Smokeybjb
  • Based on skeletal reconstruction by Scott Hartman found here.
Velociraptor Restoration.png
Autor/Urheber: Fred Wierum, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Artistic restoration of Velociraptor mongoliensis
Saltasaurus dinosaur.png
Saltasaurus (which means "lizard from Salta") was a sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period. Relatively small among sauropods, though still massive by human standards, it was characterized by a diplodocid-like head
Apatosaurus33.jpg
Illustration of Apatosaurus louisae
Avimimus mmartyniuk wiki.png
Autor/Urheber: Matt Martyniuk, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Illustration of Avimimus portentosus, a basal oviraptorosaurian dinosaur. Skull based on specimen PIN 3907/3. Credit Matt Martyniuk
Yanchuanosaurus1.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Creator:Dmitry Bogdanov, Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis
Shuvuuia.jpg
Autor/Urheber: FunkMonk (Michael B. H.), Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Shuvuuia deserti.
Herrerasaurus DB.jpg
Herrerasaurus: depiction was scrutinised by WikiProject Dinosaurs here
Parasaurolophus walkeri.png
Autor/Urheber: Leandra Walters, Phil Senter, James H. Robins, Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Parasaurolophus walkeri. Reprinted from original, previously-unpublished artwork by Leandra Walters under a CC BY license, with permission from Leandra Walters, original copyright 2015.
Lesothosaurus diagnosticus.png
Autor/Urheber: Jack Wood, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Lesothosaurus diagnosticus reconstruction, showing it with filamentous integument similar to that found on Kulindadromeus, a close relative
Protoceratops andrewsi Restoration.png
Autor/Urheber: PaleoNeolitic, Lizenz: CC BY 4.0
Life restoration of the protoceratopsid Protoceratops andrewsi.
Iberomesornis romerali by durbed.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Durbed, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Illustration of the enantiornithe Iberomesornis romerali perching on a branch in Early Cretaceous Spain.
Tyrannosaurus rex by durbed.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Durbed, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Illustration of the tyrannosaurid Tyrannosaurus rex.
Polacanthus foxii.jpg
Autor/Urheber: FunkMonk (Michael B. H.), hip armour by Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás[1], Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Polacanthus foxii restoration, based mostly on Gastonia.
Nemegtosaurus DB.jpg
Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis.
Ornitholestes NT.jpg
Autor/Urheber: NobuTamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
ornitholestes
Sinocalliopteryx gigas.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Sinocalliopteryx gigas from the Early Cretaceous of China. Digital.
Edmontonia dinosaur.png
Edmontonia rugosidens.
Carnotaurus DB.jpg
(c) DiBgd in der Wikipedia auf Englisch, CC BY 2.5

Carnotaurus - reconstruction autor - Bogdanov

dmitrchel@mail.ru
Kentrosaurus NT.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura , Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Kentrosaurus
Gallimimus Steveoc86.jpg
(c) I, Steveoc 86, CC BY 2.5

Gallimimus bullatus restoration.

• Based Proportionally on Scott Hartman's skeletal drawing. [1]
• Three specimens of Ornithomimus preserve evidence of feathers, including evidence of pennaceous feathers on the arms. [1] An additional Ornithomimus specimen suggests that the skin lacked feathers on the lower parts of the thigh and under the tail. [2] This image goes under the assumption that Gallimimus were also covered in feathers.
• The colours and/or patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative.


Note: I often update my images; If you want to post this image on other websites, if possible, please link to the original file here. This will allow others to see the most recent version. Thanks.

References

  1. ↑ (2012). "Feathered Non-Avian Dinosaurs from North America Provide Insight into Wing Origins". Science 338 (6106): 510. DOI:10.1126/science.1225376.
  2. ↑ (2016). "A densely feathered ornithomimid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada". Cretaceous Research 58: 108. DOI:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.10.004.
Prenocephale bickering (cropped + fix).jpg
Autor/Urheber: AntoninJury, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Restoration of the pachycephalosaurid Prenocephale prenes.
Saurornitholestes digging Burrows wahweap.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Ferahgo the Assassin (Emily Willoughby, e.deinonychus@gmail.com) http://emilywilloughby.com/, Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
The maniraptoran dinosaur Saurornitholestes digging a Multituberculate out of a burrow, as per the trace fossil described in the 2010 Geology paper "Predatory digging behavior by dinosaurs" by Dr. Edward Simpson.
EuhelopusDB2.jpg
(c) DiBgd, CC BY-SA 3.0
Euhelopus - Bogdanov
Rajasaurus DB.jpg
Rajasaurus narmadensis, ein theropoder Dinosaurier aus der Oberkreide von Indien
AlamosaurusDB.jpg
(c) DiBgd, CC BY-SA 3.0
Alamosaurus, autor - Bogdanov,2006
Gorgosaurus.png
Autor/Urheber: Levi bernardo, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Recreación de Gorgosaurus libratus
Torvosaurus tanner DBi.jpg
Der megalosauride Dinosaurier Torvosaurus tanneri war ein riesiger Theropode aus dem Oberjura von Nordamerika (und möglicherweise Portugal, Europa).
Evolution of dinosaurs EN.svg
Autor/Urheber: , Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Evolution of dinosaurs. Typical silhouettes are shown in black. At the bottom of the image red colour shows the differences in the pubis bone. Drawing based on the Polish encyklopedia: Wielka Encyklopedia PWN, tom 7, str. 190, wydanie 2001-2005
Zuniceratops BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Zuniceratops christopheri, ein Ceratopsier aus der Oberkreide von Nordamerika. Stiftzeichnung, digitale Kolorierung.
Coelurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Coelurus fragilis, ein Coelurosaurier aus dem Oberjura von Nordamerika. Stiftzeichnung, digitale Kolorierung
Ouranosaurus nigeriensis restoration.png
Autor/Urheber: Audrey.m.horn, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
A restoration of Ouranosaurus nigeriensis based on skeletal casts, diagrams, and fossil specimens.
Yinlong BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Yinlong downsi, a basal ceratopsian from the Late Jurassic of China, pencil drawing, digital coloring
Triceratops horridus 2.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Antonio Rares Mihaila, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Triceratops a Late Cretaceous Ceratopsian Ornithischian
Gastonia burgei dinosaur.png
the image shows a reconstruction of a Gastnia dinosaur
Suchomimus2.jpg
Suchomimus tenerensis war ein großer spinosaurider Dinosaurier aus Afrika in der mittleren Kreidezeit vor 120 bis 110 Mio. Jahren.
Pachycephalosauria jmallon.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Jordan Mallon, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 2.5
Skizze eines Pachycephalosauriers unsicherer systematischer Stellung und noch (2003) ohne wissenschaftliche Beschreibung. Seine Überreste wurden in „Sandy Quarry“, in der Hell-Creek-Formation, nahe Buffalo in South Dakota (USA) gefunden. Anfangs von Michael Triebold als Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis rekonstruiert, bezeichneten viele Teilnehmer einer internationalen Fachtagung die Überreste wegen der großen Stacheln am Hinterhaupt als Stygimoloch spinifer.
Titanoceratops dinosaur.png
Life restoration of ceratopsid specimen OMNH 10165, originally classified as Pentaceratops, but considered since 2011 Titanoceratops ouranos, a separate genus ( (1 June 2011). "Titanoceratops ouranos, a giant horned dinosaur from the late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research 32 (3): 264–276. DOI:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007. ISSN 0195-6671.).
Anchisaurus NT.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Anchisaurus
Scelidosaurus harrisonii.png
Autor/Urheber: Jack Mayer Wood, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Illustration of the Jurassic thyreophoran Scelidosaurus harrisonii, adopting a bipedal stance as evidenced by the Holy Cross Mountain trackways (Gierliński, Gregard (1999). "Tracks of a large thyreophoran from the Early Jurassic of Poland").
Ceratosaurus nasicornis DB.jpg
(c) DiBgd in der Wikipedia auf Englisch, CC BY 2.5
Ceratosaurus_nasicornis reconstruction. Matches proportions shown in Gregory S. Paul (The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, 2010, p. 84)
Sellosaurus.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Arms and other edits made by User:FunkMonk, Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Plateosaurus gracilis (jr synonym: Sellosaurus gracilis), a prosauropod from the Late Triassic of Europe, pencil drawing, digital coloring, skull based on [1]
Huayangosaurus BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Huayangosaurus taibaii, a stegosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China, pencil drawing
Archaeopteryx NT.jpg
Autor/Urheber: NobuTamura http://paleoexhibit.blogspot.com/ http://spinops.blogspot.com/, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 3.0
Artist's restoration of Archaeopteryx following Carney's 2011 feather coloration study, indicating that at least some of the feathers on the animal were black
Camarasaurs1.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Creator:Dmitry Bogdanov, Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Lebendrekonstruktion von Camarasaurus supremus
Astrodon johnstoni.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Creator:Dmitry Bogdanov, Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Astrodon johnstoni (aka Pleurocoelus) - macronarian from Aptian-Albian of Maryland, ?Texas, and Utah. About 15-18 meters long.
LambeosaurusDB.jpg
Lambeosaurus lambei
Zanabazar.jpg
(c) FunkMonk, CC BY 3.0
Zanabazar junior (formerly Saurornithoides).
Agustinia BW.jpg
Autor/Urheber: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com), Lizenz: CC BY 3.0
Agustinia ligabuei, a sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina. Digital.
Hypsilophodon.jpg
Autor/Urheber: User:ArthurWeasley, Lizenz: CC BY 2.5
Hypsilophodon, pencil drawing