Liste der Planeten des Sonnensystems
Dieser Artikel enthält eine tabellarische Übersicht der Planeten des Sonnensystems.
Erdähnliche Planeten | Gasplaneten | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Merkur | Venus | Erde | Mars | Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptun | |
Bild | ||||||||
Astronomisches Symbol | ||||||||
Große Bahnhalbachse in km, in AE | 57.909.175 0,38709888 | 108.208.930 0,72333193 | 149.597.890 1 | 227.936.640 1,5236621 | 778.412.020 5,2033623 | 1.426.725.400 9,5370690 | 2.870.972.200 19,191261 | 4.498.252.900 30,068960 |
Numerische Exzentrizität der Bahn | 0,20563069 | 0,00677323 | 0,01671022 | 0,09341233 | 0,04839266 | 0,05415060 | 0,04716771 | 0,00858587 |
Umlaufperiode in siderischen Jahren | 0,2408467 | 0,61519726 | 1 | 1,8808476 | 11,862615 | 29,447498 | 84,016846 | 164,79132 |
Mittlere Orbitalgeschwindigkeit in km/s | 47,8725 | 35,0214 | 29,7859 | 24,1309 | 13,0697 | 9,6724 | 6,8352 | 5,4778 |
Inklination | 7,00487° | 3,39471° | — | 1,85061° | 1,30530° | 2,48446° | 0,76986° | 1,76917° |
Länge des aufsteigenden Knotens (J2000)[1] | 48,33167° | 76,68069° | −11,26064° | 49,57854° | 100,55615° | 113,71504° | 74,22988° | 131,72169° |
Länge der Periapsis (J2000)[1] | 77,45645° | 131,53298° | 102,94719° | 336,04084° | 14,75385° | 92,43194° | 170,96424° | 44,97135° |
Maximale scheinbare Helligkeit | −1,9m | −4,6m | — | −2,91m | −2,94m | 0,43m | 5,32m | 7,78m |
Mittlerer Äquatorradius in km, relativ zum Erdradius | 2.439,764 0,3825 | 6.051,59 0,9488 | 6.378,15 1 | 3.397 0,5326 | 71.492,68 11,209 | 60.267,14 9,449 | 25.559 4,007 | 24.764 3,883 |
Volumen in 1012 km³, relativ zur Erde | 0,0608272 0,056 | 0,92840 0,86 | 1,0832 1 | 0,16314 0,15 | 1425,5 1316 | 827,13 763,6 | 69,142 63,8 | 62,526 57,7 |
Masse in 1024 kg, relativ zur Erdmasse, relativ zur Gesamtmasse aller 8 Planeten | 0,33022 0,055270 0,00012 | 4,8685 0,81499 0,00182 | 5,9737 1 0,00224 | 0,64185 0,10745 0,00024 | 1898,7 317,84 0,71157 | 568,51 95,169 0,21306 | 86,849 14,539 0,03255 | 102,44 17,149 0,03839 |
Dichte in g/cm³, relativ zur Erde | 5,43 0,984 | 5,24 0,95 | 5,515 1 | 3,93 0,714 | 1,33 0,241 | 0,7 0,125 | 1,3 0,23 | 1,64 0,30 |
Durchschnittliche Schwerebeschleunigung in m/s², relativ zur Erde | 3,7 0,377 | 8,872 0,905 | 9,80665 1 | 3,72076 0,379 | 24,79 2,528 | 10,44 1,065 | 8,87 0,904 | 11,15 1,137 |
Fluchtgeschwindigkeit in km/s | 4,25 | 10,36 | 11,18 | 5,02 | 59,54 | 35,49 | 21,29 | 23,71 |
Rotationsperiode in siderischen Tagen | 58,646225 | 243,0187 | 1 | 1,02595675 | 0,41354 | 0,44401 | 0,71833 | 0,67125 |
Drehsinn der Eigenrotation | rechtläufig | rückläufig | rechtläufig | rechtläufig | rechtläufig | rechtläufig | rückläufig | rechtläufig |
Neigung des Äquators zum Orbit | 0,0° | 177,3° | 23,45° | 25,19° | 3,12° | 26,73° | 97,86° | 29,58° |
Oberflächentemperatur in K: Minimum, Mittelwert, Maximum | 100 440 780 | 710 737 770 | 213 288 331 | 186 210 297 | 150 165 180 | 130 135 140 | 74 76 78 | 70 73 76 |
Mittlere Atmosphärentemperatur auf Nullniveau in K | 737 | 288 | 165 | 135 | 76 | 73 | ||
Hauptbestandteile der Atmosphäre | O2, Na[2][3] | CO2, N2 | N2, O2, Ar | CO2, N2, Ar | H2, He | H2, He | H2, He, CH4 | H2, He, CH4 |
Anzahl der bekannten Monde | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 79 | 82 | 27 | 14 |
Ringe | Nein | Nein | Nein | Nein | Ja | Ja | Ja | Ja |
Siehe auch
- Liste der Monde von Planeten und Zwergplaneten
- Liste der Zwergplaneten des Sonnensystems
- Liste der Asteroiden
Weblinks
- GFSC/NASA: Planetary Fact Sheet – Metric. Planeten-Faktenübersicht (englisch).
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ a b Bahnelemente. Mittlere Bahnelemente (J2000). In: univie.ac.at. Universität Wien, 24. Januar 2014, abgerufen am 6. März 2020.
- ↑ Der Merkur hat keine Atmosphäre im herkömmlichen Sinn, denn sie ist dünner als ein labortechnisch erreichbares Vakuum.
- ↑ David R. Williams: Mercury Fact Sheet. In: nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA, 27. September 2018, abgerufen am 6. März 2020 (englisch).
Auf dieser Seite verwendete Medien
Reprocessed Mariner 10 image of Mercury.jpg
Reprocessed Mariner 10 data was used to produce this image of Mercury. The smooth band is an area of which no images were taken.
Reprocessed Mariner 10 data was used to produce this image of Mercury. The smooth band is an area of which no images were taken.
Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Saturn, ♄ U+2644
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Saturn, ♄ U+2644
Saturn (planet) large.jpg
This true color picture was assembled from Voyager 2 Saturn images obtained Aug. 4 [1981] from a distance of 21 million kilometers (13 million miles) on the spacecraft's approach trajectory. Three of Saturn's icy moons are evident at left. They are, in order of distance from the planet: Tethys, 1,050 km. (652 mi.) in diameter; Dione, 1,120 km. (696 mi.); and Rhea, 1,530 km. (951 mi.). The shadow of Tethys appears on Saturn's southern hemisphere. A fourth satellite, Mimas, is less evident, appearing as a bright spot a quarter-inch in in from the planet's limb about half an inch above Tethys; the shadow of Mimas appears on the planet about three-quarters of an inch directly above that of Tethys. The pastel and yellow hues on the planet reveal many contrasting bright and darker bands in both hemispheres of Saturn's weather system. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States.
This true color picture was assembled from Voyager 2 Saturn images obtained Aug. 4 [1981] from a distance of 21 million kilometers (13 million miles) on the spacecraft's approach trajectory. Three of Saturn's icy moons are evident at left. They are, in order of distance from the planet: Tethys, 1,050 km. (652 mi.) in diameter; Dione, 1,120 km. (696 mi.); and Rhea, 1,530 km. (951 mi.). The shadow of Tethys appears on Saturn's southern hemisphere. A fourth satellite, Mimas, is less evident, appearing as a bright spot a quarter-inch in in from the planet's limb about half an inch above Tethys; the shadow of Mimas appears on the planet about three-quarters of an inch directly above that of Tethys. The pastel and yellow hues on the planet reveal many contrasting bright and darker bands in both hemispheres of Saturn's weather system. The Voyager project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, United States.
Mars Valles Marineris.jpeg
Global mosaic of 102 Viking 1 Orbiter images of Mars taken on orbit 1,334, 22 February 1980. The images are projected into point perspective, representing what a viewer would see from a spacecraft at an altitude of 2,500 km. At center is Valles Marineris, over 3000 km long and up to 8 km deep. Note the channels running up (north) from the central and eastern portions of Valles Marineris to the area at upper right, Chryse Planitia. At left are the three Tharsis Montes and to the south is ancient, heavily impacted terrain. (Viking 1 Orbiter, MG07S078-334SP)
Some of the features in this mosaic are annotated in Wikimedia Commons.
Global mosaic of 102 Viking 1 Orbiter images of Mars taken on orbit 1,334, 22 February 1980. The images are projected into point perspective, representing what a viewer would see from a spacecraft at an altitude of 2,500 km. At center is Valles Marineris, over 3000 km long and up to 8 km deep. Note the channels running up (north) from the central and eastern portions of Valles Marineris to the area at upper right, Chryse Planitia. At left are the three Tharsis Montes and to the south is ancient, heavily impacted terrain. (Viking 1 Orbiter, MG07S078-334SP)
Some of the features in this mosaic are annotated in Wikimedia Commons.
Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Mercury
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Mercury
Mars symbol (fixed width).svg
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Mars. Moskowitz's design for the planet; does not harmonize well as a gender symbol.
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Mars. Moskowitz's design for the planet; does not harmonize well as a gender symbol.
The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg
„Blue Marble“, die während des Fluges von Apollo 17 zum Mond am 7. Dezember 1972 entstandene Fotoaufnahme von der Erde
„Blue Marble“, die während des Fluges von Apollo 17 zum Mond am 7. Dezember 1972 entstandene Fotoaufnahme von der Erde
Venus globe.jpg
This global view of the surface of Venus is centered at 180 degrees east longitude. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer Venus Orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization project and the Magellan science team at the JPL Multimission Image Processing Laboratory and is a single frame from a video released at the October 29, 1991, JPL news conference. It is important to note that Venus is completely shrouded in clouds. A bright elongated region in the center is Aphrodite Terra.
This global view of the surface of Venus is centered at 180 degrees east longitude. Magellan synthetic aperture radar mosaics from the first cycle of Magellan mapping are mapped onto a computer-simulated globe to create this image. Data gaps are filled with Pioneer Venus Orbiter data, or a constant mid-range value. Simulated color is used to enhance small-scale structure. The simulated hues are based on color images recorded by the Soviet Venera 13 and 14 spacecraft. The image was produced by the Solar System Visualization project and the Magellan science team at the JPL Multimission Image Processing Laboratory and is a single frame from a video released at the October 29, 1991, JPL news conference. It is important to note that Venus is completely shrouded in clouds. A bright elongated region in the center is Aphrodite Terra.
Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Jupiter, ♃ U+2643
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Jupiter, ♃ U+2643
Outer Planet Orbits 02.svg
Autor/Urheber:
Diese Abbildung zeigt die Bahnen, Knoten, und Lage der Perihelien und Aphelien der äußeren Planeten, gesehen vom nördlichen Ekliptikpol. Die Planeten laufen gegen den Uhrzeigersinn. Der blaue Teil einer Bahn liegt nördlich der Ekliptikebene, der violette südlich. Grüner Punkt: Perihel; roter Punkt: Aphel.
Autor/Urheber:
- Original: user:Danial79 / Vektorisierung: Mrmw
Diese Abbildung zeigt die Bahnen, Knoten, und Lage der Perihelien und Aphelien der äußeren Planeten, gesehen vom nördlichen Ekliptikpol. Die Planeten laufen gegen den Uhrzeigersinn. Der blaue Teil einer Bahn liegt nördlich der Ekliptikebene, der violette südlich. Grüner Punkt: Perihel; roter Punkt: Aphel.
Jupiter.jpg
Original Caption Released with Image: This processed color image of Jupiter was produced in 1990 by the U.S. Geological Survey from a Voyager image captured in 1979. The colors have been enhanced to bring out detail. Zones of light-colored, ascending clouds alternate with bands of dark, descending clouds. The clouds travel around the planet in alternating eastward and westward belts at speeds of up to 540 kilometers per hour. Tremendous storms as big as Earthly continents surge around the planet. The Great Red Spot (oval shape toward the lower-left) is an enormous anticyclonic storm that drifts along its belt, eventually circling the entire planet.
Original Caption Released with Image: This processed color image of Jupiter was produced in 1990 by the U.S. Geological Survey from a Voyager image captured in 1979. The colors have been enhanced to bring out detail. Zones of light-colored, ascending clouds alternate with bands of dark, descending clouds. The clouds travel around the planet in alternating eastward and westward belts at speeds of up to 540 kilometers per hour. Tremendous storms as big as Earthly continents surge around the planet. The Great Red Spot (oval shape toward the lower-left) is an enormous anticyclonic storm that drifts along its belt, eventually circling the entire planet.
Uranus2.jpg
This is an image of the planet Uranus taken by the spacecraft Voyager 2 in 1986. See Uranus.jpg for how Uranus would appear in visible light.
This is an image of the planet Uranus taken by the spacecraft Voyager 2 in 1986. See Uranus.jpg for how Uranus would appear in visible light.
Inner Planet Orbits 02.svg
Autor/Urheber: / Original: user:Danial79 / Vektorisierung: Mrmw, Lizenz: CC0
Diese Abbildung zeigt die Bahnen, Knoten, und Lage der Perihelien und Aphelien der inneren Planeten. Gesehen vom nördlichen Ekliptikpol. Die Planeten laufen gegen den Uhrzeigersinn. Zum Frühlingsanfang ist die Erde in der Abbildung unten. Der blaue Teil einer Bahn liegt nördlich der Ekliptikebene, der violette südlich. Grüner Punkt: Perihel; roter Punkt: Aphel.
Autor/Urheber: / Original: user:Danial79 / Vektorisierung: Mrmw, Lizenz: CC0
Diese Abbildung zeigt die Bahnen, Knoten, und Lage der Perihelien und Aphelien der inneren Planeten. Gesehen vom nördlichen Ekliptikpol. Die Planeten laufen gegen den Uhrzeigersinn. Zum Frühlingsanfang ist die Erde in der Abbildung unten. Der blaue Teil einer Bahn liegt nördlich der Ekliptikebene, der violette südlich. Grüner Punkt: Perihel; roter Punkt: Aphel.
Venus symbol (fixed width).svg
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Venus, biological for female
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Venus, biological for female
Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Neptune, ♆ U+2646. Approximately the alchemical symbol for quicklime/calx (the middle tine may be full length, short or absent)
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Neptune, ♆ U+2646. Approximately the alchemical symbol for quicklime/calx (the middle tine may be full length, short or absent)
Uranus symbol (fixed width).svg
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Uranus. U+26E2 ⛢.
Autor/Urheber: Denis Moskowitz, Lizenz: CC BY-SA 4.0
Planetary symbol for Uranus. U+26E2 ⛢.