Kunstformen der Natur

Kunstformen der Natur, Titelblatt der Komplettausgabe von 1904

Kunstformen der Natur ist ein Buch des deutschen Zoologen Ernst Haeckel, das hauptsächlich Lithografien enthält. Es wurde ursprünglich in zehn Einzelbänden zwischen 1899 und 1904 und schließlich als Komplettausgabe 1904 veröffentlicht.

Beschreibung

Der achte Druck aus Kunstformen der Natur. Er zeigt Desmonema annasethe, deren Tentakel Haeckel an die Haare seiner Frau erinnert hatten.

Das Buch enthält 100 Drucke mit Bildtafeln verschiedener Organismen, die größtenteils zum ersten Mal überhaupt von Haeckel beschrieben wurden. Sie stellen eine Auswahl der über 1000 Stiche dar, die auf Grundlage von Skizzen und Aquarellen Haeckels zu dessen Lebzeiten entstanden. Mit der künstlerischen Ausführung der Figuren und Tafeln beauftragte Haeckel den Lithographen und Druckereiinhaber Adolf Giltsch (1852–1911), mit dem er insgesamt 42 Jahre zusammenarbeiten sollte und der Haeckels Handzeichnungen auch in vielen von dessen Werken mit „lebendigem Interesse“ und dem „Erkenntnistrieb des echten Naturforschers“ korrigierte und verbesserte, wie Haeckel anerkennend hervorhob.

Besonders bemerkenswert sind die Darstellungen verschiedener Strahlentierchen (Radiolaria), die seit der Veröffentlichung des Buches bis heute unter Laienmikroskopierern besonders populär sind. Eine große Anzahl anderer Darstellungen zeigt Nesseltiere, z. B. Seeanemonen, Staatsquallen und Fahnenquallen. Der erste Band enthielt auch Desmonema annasethe (jetzt Cyanea annasethe), eine besonders prächtige Qualle, die Haeckel nach seiner Frau Anna Sethe benannt hatte.

1904 begründete Haeckel noch einmal die Zielsetzung des Werkes: „Der Hauptzweck meiner ‚Kunstformen der Natur‘ war ein ästhetischer: ich wollte weiteren Kreisen Zugang zu den wunderbaren Schätzen der Schönheit öffnen, die in den Tiefen des Meeres verborgen oder wegen ihrer geringen Größe nur durch das Mikroskop erkennbar sind. Damit verknüpfe ich aber auch einen wissenschaftlichen Zweck, den Einblick in den Wunderbau der eigentümlichen Organisationen dieser Formen zu erschließen.“

Kunstformen der Natur beeinflusste in hohem Maße die Kunst der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts und bildete eine Brücke zwischen ihr und der Wissenschaft. Das Werk wird im Allgemeinen mit dem Jugendstil in Verbindung gebracht. Beeinflusste Künstler waren unter anderem René Binet, Karl Blossfeldt, Hans Christiansen, Hendrik Petrus Berlage und Émile Gallé.[1]

Ausgaben

  • Ernst Haeckel: Kunstformen der Natur. 100 Illustrationstafeln mit beschreibendem Text (Ausgabe von 1904), diese Ausgabe neu gesetzt und überarbeitet, vierfarbig, Marix Verlag, Wiesbaden, 2004, ISBN 978-3937715-17-9
  • Ernst Häckel: Kunstformen der Natur : die einhundert Farbtafeln im Faksimile mit beschreibendem Text, allgemeiner Erläuterung und systematischer Übersicht, Neudr. der Erstausg., Leipzig, Wien, Bibliogr. Inst., 1998=1904 (in Faks.-Qualität) ISBN 3-7913-1979-5
  • Ernst Haeckel: Art Forms in Nature, Dover Publications, Inc., 1974 (in english; original text replaced by publisher notes) ISBN 0-486-22987-4

Beispiele

Quellen

  1. Olaf Breidbach: Visions of Nature: The Art and Science of Ernst Haeckel. Prestel Verlag: München, 2006. S. 231, S. 268–269.

Literatur

  • Ernst Haeckel, Olaf Breidbach, Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Kunstformen in der Natur (Taschenbuch), Prestel Verlag, 1998 ISBN 978-3-7913-1978-0

Weblinks

Commons: Kunstformen der Natur – Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Auf dieser Seite verwendete Medien

Haeckel Blastoidea.jpg

See here for index to numbers.

  1. Pentremites pyriformis (Say) = Pentremites pyriformis Say, 1825, from the side
  2. Pentremites orbignyanus (Koninck) = Orophocrinus orbignyanus, from above
  3. Pentremites sp. (Arnold Lang) = Pentremites sp.?, from above; brachioles extended (top), folded back (center), removed (below)
  4. Zygocrinus cruciatus (Bronn) = Astrocrinus cruciatus (Bronn, 1848)?, from above
  5. Orophocrinus stelliformis (Etheridge) = Orophocrinus stelliformis (Owen and Shumard, 1850), from above
  6. Phaenoschisma acutum (Etheridge) = Phaenoschisma acutum (Sowerby, 1834), from above
  7. Elaeacrinus olivanites (Troost) = Nucleocrinus sp.?, from the backside
  8. Elaeacrinus Verneuili (Römer) = Nucleocrinus verneuili (C.F.Roemer, 1851) (8a: from the backside, 8b: from below, stalk removed)
  9. Codonaster trilobatus (Bather) = Codaster acutus McCoy, 1849, from above
  10. Eleutherocrinus Cassedayi (Shumard) = Eleutherocrinus cassedayi Shumard & Yandell, 1856 (10a: from above, 10b: from below, 10c: from the side)
  11. Asteroblastus stellatus (Fr. Schmidt) = Asteroblastus stellatus Eichwald, 1862 (11a: from above, 11b: from below, 11c: from the backside)
  12. Asteroblastus Volborthi (Fr. Schmidt) = Asteroblastus volborthi (F.Schmidt, 1894), from the side with brachioles shown
Haeckel Cystoidea.jpg
Haeckel Cystoidea big spots.jpg
  1. Staurocystis quadrifasciata (Haeckel) = Staurocystis quadrifasciata (Pearce, 1843)
  2. Glyptosphaera Leuchtenbergii (Johannes Müller) = Glyptosphaerites leuchtenbergi (Volborth, 1846), calyx from above
  3. Protocrinus fragum (Eichwald) = Protocrinites fragum Eichwald, 1860, calyx from above
  4. Cystoblastus Leuchtenbergii (Volborth) = Cystoblastus leuchtenbergi Volborth, 1867, calyx from above
  5. Cystoblastus Leuchtenbergii (Volborth) = Cystoblastus leuchtenbergi Volborth, 1867, calyx from the anal side
  6. Pseudocrinus bifasciatus (Pearce) = Pseudocrinites bifasciatus (Pearce, 1843)
  7. Sycocystis angulosa (Leopold Buch) = Echinoencrinites angulosus (Pander, 1830)
  8. Callocystis Jewetti (Hall) = Callocystites jewetti Hall, 1852, calyx from the anal side
  9. Hemicosmites extraneus (Eichwald) = Hemicosmites extraneus Eichwald, 1840, calyx from the anal side
  10. Glyptocystis multipora (Billings) = Glyptocystites multiporus Billings, 1854, calyx from above
  11. Glyptocystis pentapalma (Haeckel) = Glyptocystites sp.?, mouth region from above
  12. Chirocrinus testudo (Haeckel) = Cheirocrinus sp.?
  13. Caryocrinus ornatus (Thomas Say) = Caryocrinites ornatus Say, 1825
  14. Agelacystis hamiltonensis (Haeckel) = Agelacrinites hamiltonensis Vanuxem, 1842, calyx from above
  15. Agelacrinus vorticellatus (Hall) = Streptaster vorticellatus (Hall, 1866), calyx from above
Haeckel Discomedusae 8.jpg
Haeckel named D. annasethe after his wife Anna Sethe, who died the year before Haeckel observed the organism.
Haeckel Arachnida.jpg
Haeckel Arachnida big spots.jpg
  1. Tegeocranus hericius (Michael) = Protocepheus hericius (Michael, 1887), a type of mite
  2. Tegeocranus latus (Koch) = Cepheus latus C.L.Koch, 1836, mites
  3. Tegeocranus cepheiformis (Nicolet) = Cepheus cepheiformis (Nicolet, 1855)
  4. Leiosoma palmicinctum (Michael) = Tereticepheus palmicinctum (Michael, 1880), a mite
  5. Phrynus reniformis (Olivier) = Phrynichus reniformis (Linnaeus, 1758) / Phrynichus ceylonicus (C.L.Koch, 1843), a tailless whipscorpion
  6. Arkys cordiformis (Walckenaer) = Gnolus cordiformis (Nicolet, 1849), an orb-weaver spider
  7. Gasteracantha cancriformis (Latreille) = Gasteracantha cancriformis (Linnaeus, 1758), orb-weaver spider
  8. Gasteracantha acrosomoïdes (Koch) = Acrosomoides acrosomoides (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879), a type of orb-weaver spider
  9. Gasteracantha geminata (Koch) = Gasteracantha geminata (Fabricius, 1798)
  10. Gasteracantha arcuata (Koch) = Macracantha arcuata (Fabricius, 1793)
  11. Acrosoma hexacanthum (Hahn) = Gasteracantha cancriformis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  12. Acrosoma spinosum (Koch) = Micrathena schreibersi (Perty, 1833)
  13. Acrosoma bifurcatum (Hahn) = Micrathena furcata (Hahn, 1822)
  14. Oxyopes variegatus (Hahn) (non Latreille, 1806: preoccupied) = Oxyopes ramosus (Martini & Goeze, in Lister, 1778)
  15. Epeira diadema (Linné) = Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757

German:
1: Dornkronen-Moosmilbe (Nymphe). 0,6 mm. Europa.
2: Stachelkranz-Moosmilbe (Nymphe). 0,9 mm. Europa.
3: Gefiederte Moosmilbe (Nymphe). 0,62 mm. Europa.
4: Blattgürtel-Moosmilbe (Nymphe). 1,0 mm. Europa.
5: Nierenförmiger Geißelskorpion. Natürliche Größe. Ostindien.
6: Herzförmige Arkysspinne. 2mal vergrößert. Amerika.
7: Krabbenförmige Stachelspinne. 3mal vergrößert. Brasilien.
8: Dreieckige Stachelspinne. 5mal vergrößert. Madagaskar.
9: Doppeldornige Stachelspinne. 3mal vergrößert. Ostindien.
10: Bogendornige Stachelspinne. 2mal vergrößert. Java.
11: Sechsspitzige Stachelspinne. 4mal vergrößert. Brasilien.
12: Dickdornige Stachelspinne. 2mal vergrößert. Südamerika.
13: Zweigabelige Stachelspinne. 4mal vergrößert. Brasilien.
14: Bunte Springspinne. 3mal vergrößert. Deutschland.
15: Fromme Kreuzspinne. 3mal vergrößert. Deutschland.

Full text description (in German):

Haeckel Orchidae.jpg

A lithographic color plate from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur of 1899 showing an artist's depiction of different varieties of orchids:

  1. Odontoglossum naevium = Odontoglossum naevium Lindl.
  2. Oncidium kramerianum = Psychopsis krameriana (Rchb.f.) H.G.Jones
  3. Odontoglossum ramosissimum = Cyrtochilum ramosissimum (Lindl.) Dalström
  4. Odontoglossum schroederianum = Oncidium schroederianum (O'Brien) Garay & Stacy
  5. Cattleya ballantiniana = Cattleya × ballantiniana Rchb.f. (C. trianae Linden & Rchb.f. × C. warscewiczii Rchb.f.)
  6. Cattleya mendellii = Cattleya mendelii Dombrain
  7. Cypripedium lemoinieri = Phragmipedium × sedenii (Rchb.f.) Rolfe (P. longifolium (Warsz. & Rchb.f.) Rolfe × P. schlimii (Linden ex Rchb.f.) Rolfe)
  8. Cattleya rochellensis = Cattleya warscewiczii Rchb.f.
  9. Cypripedium leeanum = Paphiopedilum insigne (Wall. ex Lindl.) Pfitzer × P. spicerianum (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer
  10. Odontoglossum wattianum = Oncidium × wattianum (Rolfe) J.M.H.Shaw, Orchid Rev. 121 (1304, Suppl.): 77. (2013)
  11. Cattleya labiata = Cattleya labiata
  12. Epidendrum atropurpureum = Encyclia cordigera (Kunth) Dressler (1964)
  13. Cypripedium argus = Paphiopedilum argus (Rchb.f.) Stein
  14. Paphinia rugosa = Paphinia rugosa Rchb.f.
  15. Zygopetalum xanthinum = Promenaea xanthina (Lindl.) Lindl.
  16. Oncidium laxense = Oncidium loxense Lindl. / Cyrtochilum loxense (Lindl.) Kraenzl.
Haeckel Tetracoralla.jpg
  1. Omphyma turbinata (Milne Edwards) = Omphyma turbinata (Linnaeus, 1761), polyp skeleton from the side
  2. Cyathophyllum marmini (Milne Edwards) = Marisastrum marmini (Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851), coral head in cross-section
  3. Pachyphyllum devoniense (Milne Edwards) = Phillipsastrea devoniensis Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851, coral head in cross-section
  4. Goniophyllum pyramidale (Milne Edwards) = Goniophyllum pyramidale (Hisinger, 1831), polyp skeleton from above
  5. Menophyllum tenuimarginum (Milne Edwards) = Menophyllum tenuimarginatum Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1850, polyp skeleton from above
  6. Zaphrentis cornicula (Lesueur) = Zaphrentis phrygia Rafinesque & Clifford, 1820, polyp skeleton from the side with part of wall removed
  7. Cyathophyllum expansum (d'Orbigny) (non Fisher, 1837: preoccupied) = Palaeosmilia murchisoni stutchburyi (Milne-Edwards & Haime, 1851), polyp skeleton from the side
  8. Cyathaxonia cynodon (Rafinesque) = Cyathaxonia cynodon (Rafinesque & Clifford, 1820), polyp skeleton from the side with part of wall removed
  9. Lithostrotion irregulare (Milne Edwards) = Siphonodendron irregulare (Philips, 1836), polyp skeleton in lengthwise section
  10. Alveolites battersbyi (Milne Edwards) = Caliapora battersbyi (Huxley, 1851), polyp skeleton in lengthwise section
  11. Hadrophyllum multiradiatum (Milne Edwards) = Hadrophyllidae?, polyp skeleton from above
  12. Clisiophyllum turbinatum (James Thompson) = Dibunophyllum bipartitum turbinatum Thompson, 1874, polyp skeleton in cross-section
  13. Acervularia ananas (Schweigger) = Acervularia ananas (Linnaeus, 1758), coral head from above
  14. Syringophyllum organum (Milne Edwards) = Sarcinula organum Linnaeus, 1767, coral head from above
  15. Cyathophyllum articulatum (Milne Edwards) = Entelophyllum articulatum (Wahlenberg, 1821), coral head from the side
Haeckel Narcomedusae.jpg
  1. (center): Pegantha pantheon (Haeckel) = Pegantha pantheon Haeckel, 1879, side view
  2. (bottom center): Pegantha pantheon (Haeckel) = Pegantha pantheon Haeckel, 1879, single bell lobe
  3. (top left): Aeginura myosura (Haeckel) =? Aeginura grimaldii Maas, 1904, bottom view
  4. (top right): Solmaris Godeffroyi (Haeckel) = Pegantha godeffroyi (Haeckel, 1879), bottom view
  5. (center left): Cunarcha aeginoides (Haeckel) = Aegina citrea Eschscholtz, 1829, side view
  6. (bottom left): Cunarcha aeginoides (Haeckel) = Aegina citrea Eschscholtz, 1829, top view
  7. (top center): Cunarcha aeginoides (Haeckel) = Aegina citrea Eschscholtz, 1829, auditory tentacle
  8. (center right): Cunantha primigenia (Haeckel) =? Aegina sp., young medusa, side view
  9. (bottom right): Cunoctantha discoidalis (Haeckel) =? Cunina octonaria McCrady, 1857, top view
Haeckel Lichenes.jpg

See here for index to numbers.

  1. Cladonia retipora (Floerke) = Cladia retipora (Labill.) Nyl.
  2. Cladonia perfoliata (Hooker) = Cladonia perfoliata
  3. Cladonia verticillata (Achard) = Cladonia cervicornis ssp. verticillata (Hoffm.) Ahti
  4. Cladonia squamosa (Hoffmann) = Cladonia squamosa (Scop.) Hoffm.
  5. Cladonia fimbriata (Fries) = Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.
  6. Cladonia cornucopiae (Fries) = Cladoniaceae sp.?
  7. Sticta pulmonaria (Achard) = Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm.
  8. Parmelia stellaris (Fries) (non (L.) Ach.: preoccupied) = Physcia stellaris or Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr.
  9. Parmelia olivacea (Achard) = Melanohalea olivacea (L.) Essl.
  10. Parmelia caperata (Achard) = Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
  11. Hagenia crinalis (Schleicher) = Anaptychia crinalis (Schleich.) Vězda
Haeckel Siphonophorae 77.jpg
  1. (center): Praya galea (Haeckel) = Rosacea cymbiformis (delle Chiaje, 1830), colony
  2. (top left): Praya galea (Haeckel) = Rosacea cymbiformis (delle Chiaje, 1830), group of an infertile and a male medusa
  3. (right): Bassia obeliscus (Haeckel) = Bassia bassensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1827, colony
  4. (top center): Bassia obeliscus (Haeckel) = Bassia bassensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1827, upper bell from above
  5. (bottom right): Bassia obeliscus (Haeckel) = Bassia bassensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1827, upper bell inside
  6. (bottom center): Bassia obeliscus (Haeckel) = Bassia bassensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1827, lower bell from below
  7. (top right): Bassia obeliscus (Haeckel) = Bassia bassensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1827, group of an infertile and a male medusa
  8. (bottom left): Bassia obeliscus (Haeckel) = Bassia bassensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1827, female medusa
Haeckel Platodes.jpg

For index to numbers, see here

  1. Cercaria dichotoma (Johannes Müller) / Distoma sp. = Gymnophallus choledochus Odhner,1900 / Gymnophallus rebecqui Bartoli, 1983, cercaria larva from below
  2. Cercaria spinifera (La Valette) = Echinostoma echinatum (Zeder, 1803), cercaria larva from below
  3. Cercaria bucephalus (Ercolani) / Gasterostomum fimbriatum (Siebold) =? Bucephalus polymorphus Baer, 1827, cercaria larva from above
  4. Polystomum integerrimum (Rudolphi) = Polystoma integerrimum (Fröhlich, 1791), adult from below
  5. Polystomum integerrimum (Rudolphi) = Polystoma integerrimum (Fröhlich, 1791), miracidium larva
  6. Gyrodactylus elegans (Nordmann) = Gyrodactylus elegans von Nordmann, 1832, adult from below
  7. Diplozoon paradoxum (Nordmann) = Diplozoon paradoxum von Nordmann, 1832, mated pair from below
  8. Tristomum coccineum (Cuvier) = Tristoma coccineum (Cuvier, 1817), adult from below
  9. Callicotyle Kroyeri (Diesing) = Calicotyle kroyeri Diesing, 1850, adult from below
  10. Caryophyllaeus mutabilis (Rudolphi) = Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781), adult
  11. Tetrarhynchus longicollis (Cuvier) = Tetrarhynchus longicollis van Beneden, 1849 / Halysiorhynchus longicollis (van Beneden, 1849), young adult
  12. Phyllobothryon gracile (Van Beneden) = Phyllobothrium gracile Wedl, 1855, head from the front
  13. Taenia solium (Rudolphi) = Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758, mature proglottid
  14. Taenia solium (Rudolphi) = Taenia solium Linnaeus, 1758, head from the front
Haeckel Ascidiae.jpg
  1. Cynthia melocactus (Haeckel) = Boltenia echinata (Linnaeus, 1767), individual from above
  2. Cynthia melocactus (Haeckel) = Boltenia echinata (Linnaeus, 1767), individual from the front
  3. Cynthia melocactus (Haeckel) = Boltenia echinata (Linnaeus, 1767), individual in lengthwise section
  4. Molgula tubulosa (Forbes) = Eugyra arenosa (Alder & Hancock, 1848), mouth region
  5. Fragarium elegans (Giard) = Aplidium elegans (Giard, 1872), colony
  6. Polyclinum constellatum (Savigny) = Polyclinum constellatum Savigny, 1816, colony
  7. Polyclinum constellatum (Savigny) = Polyclinum constellatum Savigny, 1816, part of colony
  8. Synoecum turgens (Phipps) = Synoicum turgens Phipps, 1774, part of colony
  9. Botryllus polycyclus (Savigny) = Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766), part of colony
  10. Botryllus rubigo (Giard) = Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766), part of colony
  11. Botryllus Marionis (Giard) = Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766), part of colony
  12. Botryllus helleborus (Giard) = Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766), part of colony
  13. Polycyclus cyaneus (Drasche) = Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas, 1766), colony
  14. Botrylloides purpureus (Drasche) = Botrylloides leachii (Savigny, 1816), part of colony
Haeckel Bryozoa.jpg

Enlarge image for index to numbers.

  1. Cristatella mucedo (Cuvier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, immature statoblast
  2. Cristatella mucedo (Cuvier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, mature statoblast
  3. Cristatella mucedo (Cuvier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, young colony
  4. Cristatella mucedo (Cuvier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, mature colony
  5. Cristatella mucedo (Cuvier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, mature colony in cross-section
  6. Plumatella repens (Lamarck) = Plumatella repens (Linnaeus 1758), individual before colony formation
  7. Plumatella repens (Lamarck) = Plumatella repens (Linnaeus 1758), young colony
  8. Plumatella repens (Lamarck) = Plumatella repens (Linnaeus 1758), part of young colony
  9. Alcyonella flabellum (Van Beneden) = Plumatella fungosa (Pallas 1768), young colony
  10. Lophopus crystallinus (Dumortier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, young colony
  11. Lophopus crystallinus (Dumortier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, young developing individual in colony
  12. Lophopus crystallinus (Dumortier) = Cristatella mucedo Cuvier 1798, older developing individual in colony
Haeckel Nudibranchia.jpg
Haeckel Nudibranchia big spots.jpg
  1. Hermaea bifida (Lovén) = Hermaea bifida (Montagu, 1815)
  2. Aeolis coronata (Forbes) = Facelina auriculata coronata (Forbes & Goodsir, 1839)
  3. Dendronotus arborescens (Alder) = Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774)
  4. Idalia elegans (Leuckart) = Okenia elegans (Leuckart, 1828)
  5. Doto coronata (Lovén) = Doto coronata (Gmelin, 1791)
  6. Tritonia Hombergii (Cuvier) = Tritonia hombergii Cuvier, 1803
  7. Ancula cristata (Lovén) = Ancula gibbosa (Risso, 1818)
Haeckel Prosobranchia.jpg
  1. Calcar triumphans (Philippi) = Guildfordia triumphans (Philippi, 1841), from above
  2. Conus imperialis (Linné) = Conus imperialis Linnaeus, 1758[1]
  3. Harpa ventricosa (Lamarck) = Harpa Röding Röding, 1798[2]
  4. Murex tenuispinus (Lamarck) = Murex pecten pecten Lightfoot, 1786[3]
  5. Murex inflatus (Lamarck) = Chicoreus ramosus (Linnaeus, 1758)[4]
  6. Fusus longicauda (Lamarck) = Fusinus colus (Linnaeus, 1758)[5], cut open
  7. Astralium imperiale (Chemnitz) = Astraea heliotropium Martyn, 1784, from below
  8. Astralium imperiale (Chemnitz) = Astraea heliotropium Martyn, 1784, from above Astraea heliotropium
Haeckel Cirripedia.jpg

See here for index to numbers.

  1. Lepas anatifera (Linné) = Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758, habitus of adult
  2. Lepas anatifera (Linné) = Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758, adult with left half of shell removed
  3. Conchoderma auritum (Olfers) = Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus, 1758), group of adults on Coronula diadema shell
  4. Pentalasmis vitrea (Leach) = Lepas fascicularis Ellis & Solander, 1786, adult without shell from below
  5. Scalpellum eximium (Hoek) = Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876), adult from the side
  6. Scalpellum eximium (Hoek) = Arcoscalpellum michelottianum (Seguenza, 1876), adult from above
  7. Scalpellum vitreum (Hoek) = Arcoscalpellum vitreum (Hoek, 1883), adult from the side
  8. Scalpellum vitreum (Hoek) = Arcoscalpellum vitreum (Hoek, 1883), adult from above
  9. Coronula diadema (Lamarck) = Coronula diadema (Linnaeus, 1767), shell from above
  10. Coronula diadema (Lamarck) = Coronula diadema (Linnaeus, 1767), shell from the side
  11. Coronula reginae (Darwin) = Coronula reginae Darwin, 1854, shell from above
  12. Chthamalus antennatus (Darwin) = Chthamalus antennatus Darwin, 1854, adult from above
  13. Catophragmus polymerus (Darwin) = Catomerus polymerus (Darwin, 1854), adult from above
  14. Octomeris angulosa (Sowerby) = Octomeris angulosa Sowerby, 1825, adult from above
  15. Sacculina carcini (Thompson) = Sacculina carcini Thompson, 1836, adult female parasitizing Carcinus maenas, showing externa and indicating network of interna
Haeckel Trochilidae.jpg
Kolibris (nach Bälgen aus der Hutmacherei gezeichnet, Körperhaltungen unnatürlich)
  1. Rubinkehlkolibri, Männchen
  2. Goldhauben-Schmuckkolibri, Männchen
  3. Rotnacken-Topaskolibri, Männchen
  4. Schleppensylphe, Männchen
  5. Schmuckelfe, Männchen
  6. Schwertschnabelkolibri, Männchen
  7. Rotschwanz-Sichelschnabel
  8. Gouldelfe, Männchen
  9. Amethystohrkolibri, Männchen
  10. Goldmaskenkolibri, Männchen
  11. Juan-Fernandez-Kolibri, Weibchen
  12. Flaggensylphe, Männchen
Haeckel Chiroptera.jpg
  1. Plecotus auritus (Geoffroy) = Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  2. Plecotus auritus (Geoffroy) = Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758), head from front
  3. Nyctophilus australis (Peters) = Nyctophilus geoffroyi geoffroyi Leach, 1821, head from front
  4. Megaderma trifolium (Geoffroy) = Megaderma spasma trifolium Geoffroy, 1810, head from front
  5. Vampyrus auritus (Peters) = Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856), head from the side
  6. Lonchorhina aurita (Tomes) = Lonchorhina aurita Tomes, 1863, head from front
  7. Lonchorhina aurita (Tomes) = Lonchorhina aurita Tomes, 1863, head from backside
  8. Natalus stramineus (Gray) = Natalus stramineus Gray, 1838, head from front
  9. Mormoops blainvillei (Peters) = Mormoops blainvillii Leach, 1821, head from front
  10. Anthops ornatus (Thomas) = Anthops ornatus Thomas, 1888, face from front
  11. Phyllostomus hastatum (Pallas) = Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767), head from front
  12. Furipterus coerulescens (Tomes) = Furipterus horrens (F.Cuvier, 1828), head from front
  13. Rhinolophus equinus (Schreber) = Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774), head from front
  14. Centurio flavigularis (Peters) = Centurio senex Gray, 1842, head from front
  15. Vampyrus spectrum (Geoffroy) = Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758), head from front

English:
1-2: Brown Long-eared Bat
3: Lesser Long-eared Bat
4: Lesser False Vampire Bat
5: Big-eared Woolly Bat
6-7: Tomes's Sword-nosed Bat
8: Mexican Funnel-eared Bat
9: Antillean Ghost-faced Bat
10: Flower-faced Bat
11: Greater Spear-nosed Bat
12: Thumbless Bat
13: Greater Horseshoe Bat
14: Wrinkle-faced Bat
15: Spectral Bat

Full text description (in German):

Haeckel Batrachia.jpg
Haeckel frogs big spots.jpg
  1. Notodelphys ovifera (Weinland) = Gastrotheca ovifera (Lichtenstein & Weinland, 1854)
  2. Hyla meridionalis (Boulenger) = Hyla meridionalis Boettger, 1874
  3. Hyla tuberculosa (Boulenger) = Ecnomiohyla tuberculosa (Boulenger, 1882)
  4. Amphignathodon Güntheri (Boulenger) = Gastrotheca guentheri (Boulenger, 1882)
  5. Rhacophorus pardalis (Wallace) = Rhacophorus pardalis Günther, 1858
  6. Hylodes lineatus (Schneider) = Lithodytes lineatus / Leptodactylus lineatus (Schneider, 1799)
  7. Limnodytes erythraeus (Duméril) = Hylarana erythraea (Schlegel, 1837)
  8. Ceratobatrachus Güntheri (Boulenger) = Ceratobatrachus guentheri Boulenger, 1884
  9. Breviceps mossambicus (Peters) = Breviceps mossambicus Peters, 1854
  10. Lithobates pipiens (Linné) = Rana pipiens (Schreber, 1782)

Full text description (in German):

English translation: [Remarks made by the translator are in italics or square brackets]
Fig. 1. The pouch frog of Venezuela is remarkable for its female's possession of a paired dorsal [back] pouch, in which the eggs remain until the hatching of the tadpoles. A narrow triangular gap at the rear of the back (in the centre of the lightly coloured saddle patch) leads to the pouch.
Fig. 2.Mediterranean Tree Frog, Stripeless Tree Frog
The treefrog of North Africa and Southern Europe is little different from our native common green treefrog (Hyla arborea) and like the latter lives on trees and shrubs. When crying [calling], the male pushes forward the vocal sac like a bubble.
Fig. 3. The treefrog of Ecuador is characterised by the crude build of its thick fingers (with very wide contact plates) and the knobbly skin, that like in toads is covered in glandular warts.
Fig. 4. The climbing frog of Ecuador is among the slimmest and most supple forms of treefrogs; his extraordinarily thin and long limbs (with zebralike dark stripes across) enable it of the most dexterous climbing arts.
Fig. 5. The flying frog of Borneo is remarkable above all other Batrachids for its extraordinarily widened foot webbings between the elongated toes. If the flying frog spreads these webs while jumping from tree to tree, he can use them as a parachute, similar to the flying dragon (Draconellus) among the reptiles (Plate 79) and the flying squirrels (Pteromys) among the rodents.
Fig. 6. The military frog of Surinam is very peculiar in that the female carries its young on its back in military rank. The little tadpoles, numbering 12 to 20, attach to two diverging back ridges of the mother (that run symmetrically either side of the dorsal central line) by their oral suction plates. The mobile rudder tails are turned outward, on the left side as on the right.
Fig. 7. The banded frog of Java has two parallel white bands on its back, running lengthwise, that contrast strongly against the dark red brown base colour. The jumping treefrog is about to capture an insect with its protruded bicornuated tongue.
Fig. 8. The tip frog from the Solomon Islands is assigned to the group of "horn frogs" that are distinguished by a pair of sharp horns on top of the triangular head; these are elongated coverings of the upper eye lids. The bright colouration and patterning of this horn frog is most variable and often adapted to its environment.
Fig. 9. The thickhead frog from East Africa (Mozambique, Sambesi) deviates from all other frogs in the appearance of its very short and thick head. Furthermore, it cannot jump with its short and weak legs, and moves its fat, crude body only with difficulty. The hind feet have large, spade-like digging swellings that help it to rapidly dig itself into the soil. It feeds on termites and in its subterranean habits is equal to the moles.
Fig. 10. Northern Leopard Frog

The piping frog of North America. Right behind the eye, one can see the large white, entirely superficially positioned eardrum.
Haeckel Stauromedusae.jpg
  1. (top right): Tesserantha connecteus (Haeckel) = Tesserantha connectens Haeckel, 1880, medusa, side view
  2. (right): Tesserantha connecteus (Haeckel) = Tesserantha connectens Haeckel, 1880, medusa, bottom view
  3. (center): Haliclystus auricula (Clark) = Haliclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806), medusa, side view
  4. (top left): Haliclystus auricula (Clark) = Haliclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806), medusa, side view with umbrella folded back
  5. (bottom left): Haliclystus auricula (Clark) = Haliclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806), medusa, bottom view
  6. (left): Lucernaria bathyphila (Haeckel) = Lucernaria bathyphila Haeckel 1880, medusa, cross-section of stalk
  7. (bottom right): Lucernaria pyramidalis (Haeckel) = Lucernaria quadricornis O.F.Müller, 1776, medusa, bottom view
Haeckel Actiniae.jpg
  1. Heliactis bellis (Thompson) = Cereus pedunculatus (Pennant, 1777)
  2. Mesacmaea stella [sic] (Andres) = Mesacmaea stellata (Andrès, 1881)
  3. Aiptasia Couchii (Gosse) = Aiptasia mutabilis (Gravenhorst, 1831)
  4. Cylista impatiens (Dana) = Choriactis impatiens (Couthouy in Dana, 1846)
  5. Bunodes thallia (Gosse) = Anthopleura thallia (Gosse, 1854)
  6. Metridium praetextum (Couthouy) = Actinostella flosculifera (Lesueur, 1817)
  7. Heliactis troglodytes (Thompson) = Sagartia troglodytes (Price, 1847)
  8. Anthea cereus (Gosse) = Anemonia sulcata (Pennant, 1777)
  9. Aiptasia undata (Martens) = Aiptasia diaphana (Rapp, 1829)
  10. Aiptasia diaphana (Andres) = Aiptasia diaphana (Rapp, 1829)
  11. Bunodes monilifera (Dana) = Paractis monilifera (Drayton in Dana, 1846)
  12. Corynactis viridis (Allman) = Corynactis viridis Allman, 1846
  13. Metridium concinnatum (Dana) = Oulactis concinnata (Drayton in Dana, 1846)
  14. Sagartia chrysoplenium (Gosse) = Chrysoela chrysosplenium (Cocks in Johnston, 1847)
  15. Actinoloba dianthus (Blainville) = Metridium senile (Linnaeus, 1761)
Haeckel Tubulariae.jpg
  1. (top center): Codonium codonophorum (Haeckel) = Coryne prolifera (Forbes, 1848), medusa budding off medusae = Codonium proliferum
  2. (top, right of center): Dipurena dolichogaster (Haeckel) = Dipurena ophiogaster (Haeckel, 1877), medusa = Stauridiosarsia ophiogaster
  3. (top, left of center): Sarsia tubulosa (Lesson) = Sarsia tubulosa (M.Sars, 1835), medusa
  4. (top right, above): Sarsia tubulosa (Lesson) = Sarsia tubulosa (M.Sars, 1835), medusa, view inside bell from below
  5. (top left, above): Thamnocnidia coronata (L.Agassiz) = Ectopleura larynx (Ellis & Solander, 1786), polyp, mouth from above
  6. (top right, below): Thamnocnidia coronata (L.Agassiz) = Ectopleura larynx (Ellis & Solander, 1786), young larva
  7. (top left, below): Thamnocnidia coronata (L.Agassiz) = Ectopleura larynx (Ellis & Solander, 1786), actinula (older larva)
  8. (left): Monocaulus pendulus (Allman) = Corymorpha pendula L.Agassiz, 1862, polyp
  9. (right): Corymorpha nutans (Sars) = Corymorpha nutans Sars, 1835, polyp budding off medusae
  10. (bottom center): Tubuletta splendida (Haeckel) = Corymorpha sp.?, polyp
  11. (bottom left): Syncoryne pulchella (Allman) = Coryne pulchella (Allman, 1865), polyp budding off medusae = Sarsia pulchella
  12. (bottom right): Myriothela phrygia (Fabricius) = Candelabrum phrygium (Fabricius, 1780), polyp
Haeckel Gamochonia noframe.jpg
Haeckel Gamochonia big spots.jpg
  1. Chiroteuthis Veranyi (Férussac) = Chiroteuthis veranyi (Férussac, 1835), from below
  2. Histioteuthis Rüppellii (Verany) = Histioteuthis bonnellii (Ferussac, 1835), from above
  3. Pinnoctopus cordiformis (Gaimard) = Pinnoctopus cordiformis Quoy & Gaimard, 1832, from above
  4. Octopus vulgaris (Lamarck) = Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797, from above
  5. Octopus granulatus (Lamarck) = Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797, from below
Haeckel Polycyttaria.jpg
  1. (top center, above): ' (Haeckel, 1887)?, colony with symbiotic zooxanthellae
Haeckel Stephoidea.jpg
  1. (top center): Lithocircus magnificus (Haeckel) = Lithocircus sp.?, living animal
  2. (top left): Semantis sigillum (Haeckel) = Tholospyris procera Goll, 1969?, skeleton of juvenile
  3. (bottom left, upper): Acanthodesmia corona (Haeckel) = Acanthodesmia sp?, skeleton
  4. (center right, upper): Tristephanium dimensivum (Haeckel) = Tristephanium dimensivum Haeckel, 1887?, skeleton
  5. (center): Trissocyclus sphaeridium (Haeckel) = Trissocyclidae sp.?, living animal
  6. (center right, lower): Octotympanum cervicorne (Haeckel) = Acanthodesmia viniculata (Müller, 1857)?, skeleton
  7. (bottom right, upper): Microcubus zonarius (Haeckel) = Amphispyris zonarius (Haeckel, 1887)?, skeleton
  8. (top right): Tympaniscus tripodiscus (Haeckel) = Trissocyclidae sp.?, skeleton
  9. (center left, upper): Tympaniscus quadrupes (Haeckel) = Trissocyclidae?, skeleton
  10. (bottom center): Tympanidium foliosum (Haeckel) = Tympanidium foliosum Haeckel, 1887, living animal
  11. (bottom left, lower): Lithotympanum tuberosum (Haeckel) = Lithotympanum tuberosum Haeckel, 1887, living animal
  12. (center left, lower): Circotympanum octogonium (Haeckel) = Nassellaria sp.?, skeleton
  13. (bottom right, lower): Lithocubus astragalus (Haeckel) = Lithocubus ap., living animal
Haeckel Calcispongiae.jpg

See here for index to numbers.

  1. Ascandra pinus (Haeckel) = Leucosolenia complicata (Montagu, 1818), habitus
  2. Ascandra sertularia (Haeckel) = Leucosolenia sertularia (Haeckel, 1872), habitus
  3. Ascilla gracilis (Haeckel) = Guancha gracilis (Haeckel, 1872), habitus
  4. Syculmis synapta (Haeckel) = Amphoriscus synapta (Schmidt in Haeckel, 1872), rooting spicule (genus Amphoriscus)
  5. Syculmis synapta (Haeckel) = Amphoriscus synapta (Schmidt in Haeckel, 1872), rooting spicule (genus Amphoriscus)
  6. Sycurus primitivus (Haeckel) = Sycettaga primitiva (Haeckel, 1872), habitus (cut open) (genus Sycettaga)
  7. Sycodendron ampulla (Haeckel) = Sycon ampulla (Haeckel, 1870), habitus (genus Sycon)
  8. Sycarium elegans (Haeckel) = Sycon elegans (Bowerbank, 1845), habitus (cut open) (genus Sycon)
  9. Sycortis quadrangulata (Haeckel) = Sycon quadrangulatum (Schmidt, 1868), lengthwise section of body wall (genus Sycon)
  10. Sycandra compressa (Haeckel) = Grantia compressa (Fabricius, 1780), skeleton of wall tube
  11. Sycarium elegans (Haeckel) = Sycon elegans (Bowerbank, 1845), lengthwise section of body wall (genus Sycon)
  12. Sycaltis perforata (Haeckel) = Amphoriscus perforatus (Haeckel, 1872), lengthwise section of body wall (genus Amphoriscus)
  13. Sycetta strobilus (Haeckel) = Grantia strobilus (Haeckel, 1872), habitus (genus Grantia)
Haeckel Copepoda.jpg
  1. Calanus pavo (Dana) = Calocalanus pavo (Dana, 1852), male
  2. Clytemnestra scutellata (Dana) = Clytemnestra scutellata Dana, 1849, female
  3. Oncaea venusta (Philippi) = Oncaea venusta Philippi, 1843, male
  4. Cryptopontius thorelli (Giesbrecht) = Cryptopontius thorelli Giesbrecht, 1899, female
  5. Acontiophorus scutatus (Brady) = Acontiophorus scutatus (Brady & Robertson D., 1873), female
  6. Corycaeus venustus (Dana) = Corycaeus venustus Dana, 1849, female
  7. Sapphirina Darwinii (Haeckel) = Sapphirina darwini Haeckel, 1864, female
  8. Augaptilus filigerus (Giesbrecht) = Euaugaptilus filigerus (Claus, 1863), male

Full text description (in German):