Giorgio Morandi

Giorgio Morandi
Stillleben, 1943, Öl auf Leinwand, Centro Cultural de Belém, Lissabon

Giorgio Morandi (* 20. Juli 1890 in Bologna; † 18. Juni 1964 ebenda) war ein italienischer Maler und Grafiker, der vor allem für seine Stillleben zu weltweiter Anerkennung gelangte.

Leben

Giorgio Morandi entstammte einer kleinbürgerlichen Familie in Bologna. Er war das älteste von fünf Kindern eines Kaufmanns. Ab 1906 arbeitete er als Mitarbeiter in dessen Büro. 1902 starb sein Bruder Giuseppe, 1909 starb darauf auch sein Vater Andrea. Das väterliche Erbe ermöglichte dem kunstinteressierten Sohn von 1908 bis 1913 ein Studium an der Accademia di belle arti seiner Heimatstadt. Morandi las alles, was er sich an Informationen über moderne Kunst, insbesondere die in Frankreich, beschaffen konnte. Am meisten interessierte ihn Paul Cézanne (für ihn war die Grundlage der Malerei das Zeichnen, die Voraussetzung aller Arbeit aber die Unterordnung unter den Gegenstand). Andere künstlerische Einflüsse, die ihn formten, reichten von Rousseau bis zu den Werken von Picasso. Besonders Interesse hatte er zudem an den kunsttheoretischen Artikeln von Ardengo Soffici, die in der Zeitschrift La Voce erschienen.

Von 1914 bis 1930 arbeitete er mit Unterbrechungen als Zeichenlehrer an Volkshochschulen in Bologna. 1914 präsentierte er erstmals seine eigenen Arbeiten in einer Gruppenausstellung. Vom Militär- und Kriegsdienst wurde er nach zweijähriger Verpflichtung 1917 krankheitshalber befreit. Ab 1913 verbrachte er die Sommermonate häufig im Dorf Grizzana (heute Grizzana Morandi), wo er später auch mehrheitlich lebte.

1918/1919 befasste er sich mit dem Futurismus und der Pittura metafisica. Unverheiratet, lebte er zusammen mit seinen Schwestern bis zu seinem Tod in der Via Fondazza (Bologna), wo sein Wohnzimmer zugleich sein Atelier war. Dort entwickelte er aus Zusammenstellungen von Gefäßen Stillleben von einer seit Chardin nicht da gewesenen Intensität. Die Konzentration auf dieses Thema brachte ihm den Spitznamen „Flaschenmaler“ ein. Seine Sommer verbrachte er seit seiner Erkrankung an Lungenkrebs – er war starker Raucher – im nahe gelegenen Grizzana, wo er hauptsächlich Landschaften malte, in denen er – wie in seinen Stillleben – äußerste, dem Kubismus verpflichtete Reduktion anstrebte.

Dank seiner Kunst im Handwerk des Radierens und auf Grund seines wachsenden künstlerischen Ansehens, das sich in zahlreichen Teilnahmen an Ausstellungen und Messen niederschlug, wurde er 1930 als Professor auf den Lehrstuhl für Radierung an der „Accademia di belle arti“ in Bologna berufen.

Ins Ausland reiste er nur selten, so zur Ausstellung seiner Werke in Winterthur im Jahr 1956. Er unternahm eine Reise nach Lugano zur Sammlung Thyssen und besuchte die Cézanne-Ausstellung 1956 im Kunsthaus Zürich. Sein Lebensstil wurde von vielen als mönchisch empfunden und sein Malstil entsprechend als asketisch. Dabei erreichen viele seiner Bilder mit minimalem Aufwand starke Sinnlichkeit. Für seine klare und aussagekräftige Malerei erhielt Morandi 1962 den Rubenspreis der Stadt Siegen.[1]

Als Morandi am 18. Juni 1964 in seinem Atelier in der Via Fondazza in Bologna an Lungenkrebs starb, war er weltberühmt, seine Bilder hängen in bedeutenden Museen und Privatsammlungen.

Bedeutung

Mit Chardin und Cézanne gehört Giorgio Morandi zu den bedeutendsten Stilllebenmalern. Dabei experimentierte er bis zum Schluss mit Flächigkeit und Räumlichkeit z. B. bei der malerischen Berücksichtigung von Schatten. Es wird viel davon gesprochen, dass er sich mit „Dingen“, mit „Gegenständen“ befasst und ihnen Würde und Geheimnis gegeben habe. Aber er malte nicht irgendwelche Dinge, sondern im heideggerschen Sinne Zeuge, also von Menschen für den täglichen Gebrauch verfertigte Geräte wie Schalen, Gefäße, Flaschen, Kannen, Becher, Vasen, in deren Proportionen sich einmal die Eignung für die menschliche Hand widerspiegelt, zum anderen die Bezogenheit auf menschliche Bedürfnisse, z. B. Trinken oder Blumen in der Wohnung haben. Kennzeichnend ist, dass Morandis Versuche mit Stillleben von natürlichen Dingen, z. B. Muscheln, marginal blieben. „Es kommt vor, dass Morandis Stillleben in Konzeption und Ausführung melancholisch und romantisch, zärtlich und nachgiebig erscheinen; bisweilen kraftvoll, sind sie in der Mehrzahl zurückhaltend in der Farbe und im Helldunkel. Und was sich dann verändert, ist der wechselseitige, geradezu 'zwischenmenschliche' Bezug der Objekte.“ (Vitale Bloch, 1954)

Museo Morandi in Bologna

Das am 4. Oktober 1993 eröffnete Museum an der Piazza Maggiore 6 unterhält heute eine Sammlung von 250 Werken des Künstlers in 15 Ausstellungsräumen im zweiten Stock des Palazzo d'Accursio. 118 Werke stammen aus einer Schenkung von Morandis Schwester Maria Teresa Morandi von 1991. Ausgestellt werden auch Antiken aus der privaten Kollektion des Künstlers. Das Museum ist eine Außenstelle der Galleria d'Arte Moderna di Bologna, der das Archivio e Centro Studi Giorgio Morandi angeschlossen ist, dieses bewahrt die über 400-bändige Bibliothek Morandis.[2]

Ausstellungen

Preise

Literatur

  • Lamberto Vitali: Giorgio Morandi - Opera Grafica. Einaudi, Turin 1957.
  • Wieland Schmied (Hrsg. und Autor der Einleitung): Giorgio Morandi. Kestner-Gesellschaft, Hannover 1964, Katalog zur Ausstellung 2/1964.
  • Werner Haftmann (Hrsg.): Giorgio Morandi, Gemälde, Aquarelle, Zeichnungen, Radierungen. Katalog zu den Ausstellungen in der Kunsthalle Tübingen und in der Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen. DuMont, Köln 1989, ISBN 3-7701-2481-2.
  • Ernst-Gerhard Güse und Franz Armin Morat (Hrsg.): Giorgio Morandi, Gemälde, Aquarelle, Zeichnungen, Radierungen. Prestel, München / London / New York 1999, ISBN 3-7913-2054-8.
  • Sabine Fehlemann (Hrsg.) Giorgio Morandi. Natura Morta 1914–1964. Von der Heydt-Museum 2004, ISBN 3-89202-056-6.
  • Philippe Jaccottet: Der Pilger und seine Schale. Giorgio Morandi. Carl Hanser Verlag, München/Wien 2005, ISBN 3-446-20579-9.
  • Veronica Ceruti, Cristina Francucci, Silvia Spadoni: Giorgio Morandi – Quello delle bottiglie? MAMBo/Corraini Edizioni, Bologna/Mantova 2012, ISBN 978-88-96296-08-0.
  • Johann-Karl Schmidt: Giorgio Morandi - Der Tod des Lichts. Städt. Galerie Villingen-Schwenningen 2018, ISBN 978-3-939423-71-3.
Commons: Giorgio Morandi – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ Der Rubenspreis der Stadt Siegen - Entdecken - Museum für Gegenwartskunst Siegen. Abgerufen am 12. September 2022.
  2. ↑ Patrizia Ballardi, Melissa La Maida, Fabrizio Passarella et al.: I musei di Bologna. Hrsg.: Beatrice Buscaroli. Comune di Bologna/Edisai, Ferrara, S. 6.
  3. ↑ Morandi, Giorgio. Archivio Biblioteca Quadriennale (ArBiQ), archiviert vom Original (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am 13. April 2013; abgerufen am 3. Februar 2013 (italienisch).
Personendaten
NAMEMorandi, Giorgio
KURZBESCHREIBUNGitalienischer Maler und Grafiker
GEBURTSDATUM20. Juli 1890
GEBURTSORTBologna
STERBEDATUM18. Juni 1964
STERBEORTBologna

Auf dieser Seite verwendete Medien

Still Life (1943) - Giorgio Morandi (1890-1964) (31260909628).jpg
Autor/Urheber: Pedro Ribeiro Simões from Lisboa, Portugal, Lizenz: CC BY 2.0

Belem, Berardo Collection, Centro Cultural de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal 

blah

Material: Oil on canvas Collection: Berardo Collection

BIOGRAPHY


MOVEMENT: METAPHYSICAL ART, FUTURISM, MODERN REALISM

Giorgio Morandi (July 20, 1890 – June 18, 1964) was an Italian painter and printmaker who specialized in STILL LIFE. His paintings are noted for their tonal subtlety in depicting apparently simple subjects, which were limited mainly to vases, bottles, bowls, flowers and landscapes.


Giorgio Morandi was born in Bologna to Andrea Morandi and Maria Maccaferri. He lived first on Via Lame where his brother Giuseppe (who died in 1903) and his sister Anna were born. The family then moved to via Avesella where his two other sisters were born, Dina in 1900 and Maria Teresa in 1906.

From 1907 to 1913 he studied at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna [Academy of Fine Arts of Bologna]. After the death of his father in 1909, the family moved to Via Fondazza and Morandi became the head of the family.

At the Accademia, which based its traditions on 14th-century painting, Morandi taught himself to etch by studying books on Rembrandt. 

He was excellent at his studies, although his professors disapproved of the changes in his style during his final two years at the Accademia.

Even though he lived his whole life in Bologna, Morandi was influenced by the works of Cézanne, Derain, and Picasso. In 1910 he visited Florence, where the works of artists such as Giotto, Masaccio, Piero Della Francesca, and Paolo Uccello made a profound impression on him.

He had a brief digression into a Futurist style in 1914. In that same year, Morandi was appointed instructor of drawing for elementary schools in Bologna—a post he held until 1929.

In 1915, he joined the army but suffered a breakdown and was indefinitely discharged. During the war, Morandi's still lifes became more reduced in their compositional elements and purer in form, revealing his admiration for both Cézanne and the Douanier Rousseau.


MORANDI'S STUDIO IN VIA FONDAZZA

The METAPHYSICAL PAINTING (Pittura Metafisica) phase in Morandi's work lasted from 1918 to 1922. This was to be his last major stylistic shift; thereafter, he focused increasingly on subtle gradations of hue, tone, and objects arranged in a unifying atmospheric haze, establishing the direction his art was to take for the rest of his life.

Morandi showed in the Novecento Italiano exhibitions of 1926 and 1929, but was more specifically associated with the regional Strapaese group by the end of the decade, a fascist-influenced group emphasizing local cultural traditions. HE WAS SYMPATHETIC TO THE FASCIST PARTY IN THE 1920S, ALTHOUGH HIS FRIENDSHIPS WITH ANTI-FASCIST FIGURES LED AUTHORITIES TO ARREST HIM BRIEFLY IN 1943. 

From 1928 Morandi participated in some of the Venice Biennale exhibitions, in the Quadriennale in Rome and also exhibited in different Italian and foreign cities.

In 1929 Giorgio Morandi illustrated the work Il sole a picco by Vincenzo Cardarelli, winner of the Premio Bagutta. From 1930 to 1956, Morandi was a professor of etching at Accademia di Belle Arti. The 1948 Venice Biennale awarded him first prize for painting.

He visited Paris for the first time in 1956, and in 1957 he won the grand prize in São Paulo's Biennial.

Quiet and polite, both in his private and public life, Morandi was much talked about in Bologna for his enigmatic yet very optimistic personality. Morandi lived on Via Fondazza, in Bologna, with his three sisters Anna, Dina and Maria Teresa. Morandi died of lung cancer on June 18, 1964.

LEGACY

Morandi's tomb in the Certosa di Bologna. Morandi is buried in the Certosa di Bologna in the family tomb together with his three sisters. On the tomb is a portrait of him by Giacomo Manzù.

Throughout his career, Morandi concentrated almost exclusively on still lifes and landscapes, except for a few self-portraits. WITH GREAT SENSITIVITY TO TONE, COLOR, AND COMPOSITIONAL BALANCE, HE WOULD DEPICT THE SAME FAMILIAR BOTTLES AND VASES AGAIN AND AGAIN IN PAINTINGS NOTABLE FOR THEIR SIMPLICITY OF EXECUTION.

A prolific painter, he completed some 1350 oil paintings. He also executed 133 etchings, a significant body of work in its own right, and his drawings and watercolors often approach abstraction in their economy of means. He explained: "What interests me most is expressing what’s in nature, in the visible world, that is".

MORANDI WAS PERCEIVED AS ONE OF THE FEW ITALIAN ARTISTS OF HIS GENERATION TO HAVE ESCAPED THE TAINT OF FASCISM, and to have evolved a style of pure pictorial values congenial to modernist abstraction. THROUGH HIS SIMPLE AND REPETITIVE MOTIFS AND ECONOMICAL USE OF COLOR, VALUE AND SURFACE, MORANDI BECAME A PRESCIENT AND IMPORTANT FORERUNNER OF MINIMALISM.

He has been written about by Philippe Jaccottet, Jean Leymarie, Jean Clair, Yves Bonnefoy, Roberto Longhi, Francesco Arcangeli (it), Cesare Brandi, Lambeto Vitali, Luigi Magnani, Marilena Pasquali and many other critics.

FEDERICO FELLINI PAID TRIBUTE TO HIM IN HIS 1960 FILM LA DOLCE VITA, WHICH FEATURED MORANDI'S PAINTINGS, AS DOES LA NOTTE BY MICHELANGELO ANTONIONI.

One of the main characters in Sarah Hall's novel How to Paint a Dead Man is loosely based on Morandi. Don DeLillo's 9/11 novel "Falling Man" (2007) includes two Morandi still-life paintings on the wall of Nina's New York apartment, as well as "a show of Morandi paintings at a gallery in Chelsea" at the beginning of Chapter 12. Morandi was a particular favorite of eccentic Scottish poet Ivor Cutler, who included a poem about the painter in his first anthology Many Flies Have Feathers (1973)

Two oil paintings by Morandi were chosen by the President of the United States Barack Obama in 2009 and are now part of the White House collection.

In 1993, Marilena Pasquali and Bologna Municipality created the Giorgio Morandi Museum, thanks to the donation, made by his sister Maria Teresa Morandi, of his works and his atelier, which were owned by the family. Today the museum includes a reconstruction of his studio.

EXHIBITIONS

Although Morandi was not greatly concerned with exhibitions during his own lifetime, his works have been displayed in the Museo d'Arte Moderna di Bologna (MAMbo) and in many other cities, due largely to the Centro Studi Giorgio Morandi and in particular its president Marilena Pasquali, who founded the Museo Morandi (it) in Bologna in 1993. In December 2008 an exhibition dedicated to Morandi was held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. From 7 June until 22 September 2013, a Morandi exhibition was held at the Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, Belgium (with guest artist Luc Tuymans).

Twenty-one works were shown at the Museo Fortuny in Venice in 2010. In 2015 David Zwirner Gallery had an exhibition of Morandi's work in New York. Between October 9 and June 25, 2016, the Center for Italian Modern Art, in New York, held an exhibition featuring about 40 paintings, etchings and drawings by Morandi.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND GIORGIO MORANDI

Some of the most famous photographers of the 20th century took photographs of Morandi, at his house on via Fondazza, at Grizzana Morandi's house, and at the Venice Biennal. Photographers who took pictures of Morandi or his studio include: Herbert List, Duane Michals, Jean Francois Bauret, Paolo Prandi, Paolo Ferrari, Lamberto Vitali, Libero Grandi, Franz Hubmann, Leo Lionni, Antonio Masotti, Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti, Lee Miller, Giancolombo, Ugo Mulas, Luigi Ghirri, Gianni Berengo Gardin, and Luciano Calzolari. As part of his series Das Meisterstück, Matthias Schaller photographed Morandi's palette.

The film-maker Tacita Dean filmed the inside of Morandi's house on via Fondazza. An exhibition of stills from one of the two films, Still Life, was held at the Center for Italian Modern Art, in New York, in 2016.

In 2016 the American photographer Joel Meyerowitz published "Morandi's Object", a book where he photographed more than 260 objects that the painter collected during his life.

SOURCE: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Morandi" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Morandi</a>
Giorgio Morandi, cropped.jpg
Photograph of the Italian painter Giorgio Morandi (1890–1964).